37Ó 



that Eimer was obviously impressed by the phylogenetic im- 

 portance of these flames, and studied their occurrence and dis- 

 tribution. In our opinion a form such as P. hellanicus (Eimer, 

 ii., Taf. vii., fig. 5), where the flames occur in nearly all the spaces 

 and on both sides of fore- and hindwing, has best preserved the 

 original colour-arrangement, and P. asterias var. Calverleyi is a 

 variety due to reversion to the common ancestral form (fig. 20). 

 This aspect of the question furnishes us with an explanation of 

 the fact that this same deviation from the general type occurs 

 as a rare aberration in P. machaon (as described by Spengel 

 from the specimen in the Tring Museum). 



Now, coming to the Pieridœ-, it may be said that in a few 

 members of this family the concentration of pigment along 

 the course of the nervures and along the middle lines of the 

 marginal interspaces occur in quite the same fashion as among 

 the Papilionidce. Dismorphia mimetica (fig. 21) is an instance 

 of this primitive arrangement, and again of its presence in a 

 mimetic form. 



From all the genera belonging to this family examples may 

 be easily picked out which show the original internervural 

 pigment concentrated into a transverse row of spots : Dixey's 

 "submarginal series of dark spots." I should wish to remark 

 that according to my view these spots need not necessarily be 

 always dark, nor necessarily have a rounded outline : they may 

 also be light, or at least white-centred, and thereby lengthened 

 to the form of stripes, or may be v-shaped, or united with their 

 neighbours to irregular transverse bands, or otherwise developed. 



These spots are found more frequently on the under- than 

 on the upperside, and are better preserved in the more primitive 

 representatives of the family (f.i. Ar chontas) than in the more 

 highly dift'erentiated forms ; also offener in the females than 

 in the males, the former being here the least modified. A figure 

 of Callidryas scvlla Î (fig. 22), in Piepers' s new standard work 

 on the Rhopalocera of Java, shows nearly the whole series as 

 well on upper- as on underside. 



\ ery often these spots stand at or near the proximal end of 

 a coloured line marking the axis of each internervural space, 

 and therefore probably represent the primitive pattern, which 

 also is visible for a moment during the pupal life. 



