37« 



from the original or ancestral one, the upper surface of the 

 wing has often further deviated than the opposite one, and the 

 hindwing has become more speciahsed than the forewing. 

 Especially in many Papilionidœ the forewings have often pre- 

 served the primordial pattern in a remarkably unchanged state. 

 8. When a difference in wing-design exists between male 

 and female, the latter has often, but by no means always, pre- 

 served more of the primordial pattern than the former. E.g. 

 unicolorous males of Pieridœ- (gen. Tachyris) are more modified 

 than their spotted females, while, on the contrary, the males of 

 some polygynomorphic Papilionidce wear a uniform of more 

 ancestral pattern than all or some of their spouses. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATES XXXH, XXXIH, XXXIV. 



Pl. XXXII. Fig. I. — Pyrameis cardni. Imaginai forewing extracted 



from the pupa, showing the primitive pattern. 

 Fig. 2. — Wing-sheath of the pupa of Vanessa urticcB, 



photographed from a preparation in Canada-balsam 



(touched up). 

 Fig. 3. — The same not touched up (the edge unfortunately 



cut off by the maker of the block). 

 Fig. 4. — Pupa of Vanessa io. 



Fig 



Fig 

 Fig. 7 

 Fig. 8 



-Pupa of Papilio machaon. 

 . — Pupa of Papilio podalivius. 

 . — Pupa of Thais polyxena in three aspects. 

 Pl. XXXIII. Fig. 8. — Pupa of Pier is brassicœ (the tip of the frontal 

 process painted out by the maker of the block). 

 Fig. 9. — Pupa of Gotiepteryx rhamni (the vertical line on 



the thorax is due to a flaw in the block). 

 Fig. 10. — Pupa of Aporia cratcBgi. 



Fig. II. — Pupa of Euchloë cardamines (see note to fig. 8). 

 Fig. 12. — Developing wings of Vanessa iirticcs extracted 



from the pupa ; seen in reflected light. 

 Fig. 13. — The forewing of the same seen in transmitted 

 light. 

 Pl. XXXIV. Fig. 14. — (fl) Hestia imperialis from upperside ; {b) Hestia 

 idea from underside (from set specimens). 

 Fig. 15. — Papilio zalmoxis, taken from the figure in 



Staudinger and Schatz. 

 Fig. 16. — Ornithopiera cBicus $ (taken from Seitz's .^tlas). 

 Fig. 17. — Papilio ncalegon (from Staudinger and Schatz). 



