ORTMANN: THE CRAWFISHES OF THE STATE OF PEMNSYLVANIA 347 



The tools and the outfit needed for collecting crawfishes consist of rubber-boots 

 (for work in swamps), or wading-stockings with low shoes (for work in streams), 

 bayonet (for digging up burrowing species), and a landing-net with minnow-netting. 

 These are indispensable. Further, a number of collecting jars are needed, with 75 

 per cent, to 80 per cent, alcohol, and 1 i)refer to carry them in an ordinary fishing- 

 basket, l)ut any other portable receptacle will do. I do not recommend the use of 

 formaldehyde, since it makes the specimens too brittle. In order to take specimens 

 home alive, a so-called " bait-box " is most convenient. 



I have no experience in baiting crawfish, and never attempted it, since the 

 methods described above proved satisfactory. Furthermore, I have never (in 

 Pennsylvania) used the seine, and I do not think that this would be necessary or 

 advisable in this part of the country, although it may be tried to advantage else- 

 where. 



Besides the material secured l)y me in the manner above related, I made use of 

 the older material preserved in the Carnegie Museum, which was collected by the 

 following gentlemen : D. A. Atkinson, C H. Clapp, E. Frost, B. Graf, J. L. Graf, 

 E. Hays, S. N. Rhoads, A. T. Shafer. Q. T. Shafer. IT. II. Smith, R. Taylor, W. E. 

 C. Todd, M. A. Wertheimer, and E. B. Williamson. 



I was aided in my re.searches by material kindly collected by various persons for 

 the ^luseum, while my work was in pj-ogress, and to all of them I wish to here 

 express my best thanks. They are the following members of the Museum staff: 

 Mrs. Elizabeth Courtney, Mr. C. V. Hartman, Mr. D. C. Hughes, Mr. O. E. Jen- 

 nings, and Mrs. O. E. .lennings. 



The following gentlemen living in or near Pittsburgh furnishedimaterial : Dr. I>. 

 A. Atkinson, Dr. O. T. Cruikshank, Mi-. R. Dornberger, Mr. D. Friel, .Mr. !■; E. 

 Kelly. Dr. A. Koenig, j\lr. A. Settlemoyer, and Mr. R. Settlemoyer. 



Material from other parts of Pennsylvania was received from Professor A. E. 

 Davison, Lafayette College, Easton, and Mr. H. Gera, Manaj'unk. 



Specimens of our Pennsylvanian species were received from localities outside of 

 the State from the following sources: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- 

 phia, (material from Delaware, ^Maryland, and North Carolina, in exchange); Mr. 

 H. Gera, Manayunk, (material from New Jersey); the late Mr. J. P.. Hatcher. Pitts- 

 burgh, (material from Iowa); Mr. O. E. .lennings, Pittsburgh, (material from Ohio); 

 ^Ir. S. Prentice, Pittsburgh (material from Kansas); Dr. R. Ruedemann, Albany, 

 New York, (material from New York); Mr. F. Silvester, Princeton, New Jei-sey, 

 (material from iNIaryland): Mr. E. P.. Williamson, I'lulUon, Indiana, (material from 

 Kentucky, Indiana, and Michigan). 



