OKTMANN : THE CKAWFISHES OF THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA 435 



main features of this drainage, wliieh dillers so strikingly from that which exists 

 to-day. 



The easternmost of these rivers was the Spencer River, or Old Monongahela, or 

 Old Upper Ohio,^* which drained southwestern Pennsylvania, northern West Vir- 

 ginia, and a small part of eastern Ohio. West of it was the Old Kanawha River, 

 or Old Middle Ohio, or Teays River (Leverett, 19U2, p. 100, map, p. 101 ; Tight, 

 1903), which drained parts of West Virginia and Kentucky, and the larger part of 

 central Ohio. The old Muskingum-Tuscarawas River belonged to this drainage, 

 the Muskingum River not flowing southward, but westward and southwestward 

 from near Zanesville, Ohio, to ("ircleville, Ohio, thus joining the Old Kanawha 

 (Newark River; Tight, 1903, PI. 1). 



The divide of the Old Kanawha to the westward was formed by the Cincinnati 

 uplift, and was situated according to Leverett (1902, p. 100) near Manchester, Ohio, 

 on the present Ohio River. P)eyond this divide we have the Linver Ohio system 

 (Leverett, p. 109). The Preglacial lines of discharge in this region are rather 

 obscure, but according to Leverett and Newsom (1902, p. 168, I'l. <)) it is probable 

 that a large part of the present system of streams was triltutar}' to the lower Ohio in 

 Preglacial times, but that a small number of them may have had a northward dis- 

 charge through the Great Miami basin in western Ohio (Leverett, p. IIG). There 

 are distinct indications of a northward drainage in the vicinity of ("inciimati (Cin- 

 cinnati River, Tight, I'JOo, PI. 1). This possibility is also admitted by Newsom 

 (1902, p. 181). 



We may take it for a well established fact that in Preglacial times at least two 

 rivers existed in this region, the iSpencer and the (^)ld Kanawha, which did not 

 drain into the Ohio and Mississippi in a .southwestern direction, but Howed north- 

 ward into the Erigan basin. Westward there was very likely a third river ("(Hd 

 Miami") running in a similar direction; but in this region we arrive at the old 

 Preglacial divide between the Lower ( )hio and the Erigan Uivtr. It remains 

 doubtful whether the latter drained to thi' St. Lawivnce Oulf or to tiir Mi.-;.>i.<.-ippi 

 by the way of the |)resent Wabash. 



Assuming the theory of the former existence of an Old Miami (or Cincinnati) 

 T\iver, we see that there are certain interesting relations of these three old rivers to 

 the present distribution of the three forms of (.'(intlxirn.'i under discu.ssion. 



Ofcour.se, we must disregard those parts of the ranges of the.^e forms which lie 



«*See above, p. 429. Descriptions are given by Fosbny. If^OO, Wliite, 1803, and I.everelt, 19(1*2, p 8^! (witb iniip 

 on p. 89). Additional evidence bas been furnished by Mice. l!1(i:!, p. :in2. Anolberuainc is rillsbiii^b IJiver /rijjlit, 

 1903, PI. 1). 



