168 DE. C. CHILTOiS'^ OX THE SUBTEREANEAN 



A. DE LA Valette St. George [112], in 1857, published a very minute account of the external and 

 internal anatomy of the weU-shrimps found at Cologne and Munich. He calls the species examined by 

 him Gammarus puteanus, but they are referred by Bate and Westwood to Niphurgus aquilex, Schiodte 

 [4, i. p. 315]. His work is illustrated by fine figures, and among other points he draws attention to the 

 sense-organs found on the antennae, remarking, however, that the calceoli increase in size towards the 

 end of the antennae, which, as Stebbing points out [108, p. 304], is certainly not the case in all 

 Amphipoda. 



C. Chyzer, in 1858 [28, p. 4], announces Toth's finding Gammarus puteanus and G. fossarum, Koch, 

 " im Orczy-Garteu zu Pest." 



C. Spence Bate [6] in 1859, in a paper on the genus Niphargus, Schiodte, estabUshes two new 

 species, N. fontanus and N. Kochianus, and also describes a new genus, Crangonyx, with the species 

 C. subterraneus. Some discussion on the genus Crangonyx wiU be found further on (pp. 215-226). 



R. M. Bruzelius [17], in 1859, established the new genus Eriopis, with the species E. elongata, 

 " habitat in locis profuudis maris Bohusiae." The genus Eriopis is evidently very close to Niphargus, 

 Schiodte, with which it was identified by Boeck. Stebbing also accepts this view; Wrzesniowski, how- 

 ever, retains it as a separate genus, but alters the name to Eriopsis, as Eriopis was preoccupied [124, 

 p. 634]. 



A. R. HoGAN [39 and 60], in 1859, published a paper on the habits, food-supply, and habitat of the 

 species described by Spence Bate, viz., Niphargus Kochianus, N. fontanus, and Crangonyx subterraneus. 

 In his notice of this paper Stebbing mentions that specimens of Niphargus aquilex, from a well near 

 Tunbridge Wells, lived in his (Stebbing's) room from January 1886 till March 3rd, 1886, when they all 

 died at about the same time, perhaps from the coldness of the night. Although they were very active 

 in walking about the bottom of their jar, Stebbing never saw them attempt to swim. Another set of 

 about a dozen were placed in a small jar on June 15th, 1886. Two were females with eggs ; these died 

 within a couple of days, surrounded by some rapidly developed parasitic growth ; the others lived on for 

 a considerable time, the last not dying until November 21th, 1886 [108, p. 316]. Wrzesniowski [124, 

 p. 604] refers to these observations on the habits of Niphargus aquilex in captivity as though they had 

 been made by Hogan — a mistake natural enough, considering the way in which they are incorporated 

 with the notice of Hogan's paper. Hogan published another paper on the same subject in 1861 [60] . 



Johannes Lachmann [71], in 1859, describes parasites found in the intestine of the well-shrimp {Gam- 

 marus puteanus) , the name being, however, misspelt "Gruininarus" throughout the paper. The parasites 

 are said to belong to the puzzling group of the Grcgarines. (Quoted from Stebbing [108, p. 317].) 



Joseph Schobl [92] in 1860 published an elaborate monograph, illustrated by 10 plates, on "Typhlo- 

 uiscus — eine neue blinde Gattung der Crustacea I sopoda," iu which he describes the new species Typhlo- 

 niscus Steinii. This species, which belongs to the Oniscidse, is not an inhabitant of wells or caves, but 

 lives, like Flatyarthrus,'\n ants' nests. It, however, resembles cave-species in the want of eyes, colour of 

 the body, &c., and has beeu often mentioned as a blind Isopod along with Titanethes a/bus. This 

 species was afterwards referred to Platyarthrus Hoffmannseggii by Budde-Lund [18, p. 199]. 



Victor Sill [100], iu 1861, repeats Koch's description of^ Gammarus puteanus, but without adding 

 anything new. 



Spence Bate, in the 'Catalogue of the Amphipoda iu the British Museum," published iu 1862 [5], 

 gives the following subterranean species, all of which have been already referred to : — Niphargus stygius, 

 Schiodte, with which he combines N. aquilex, Schiodte (though on further examination this was retained 

 as a separate species) ; N. fontanus, Spence Bate; N. Kochianus, Spence Bate; N. puteanus, Koch; Cran- 

 gonyx subterraneus, Spence Bate ; and C. Ermannii — Gammarus Ermannii, JNIilue-Edwards. He leaves 

 Gammarus pungens, Milne-Edwards, under the genus Gammarus, but adds as a footnote, " This species 

 appears closely to resemble a Niphargus " [5, p. 217]. 



