PREFACE. vii 



optera Scandinavia?," but this does not include the ants. Two 

 exhaustive works ou European Hymenoptera Aculeata have 

 been commenced: Schmiedcknocht, " Apida3 Europa;a3," 

 and Andre, " Species des llymenopteres d'Europe et d'Al- 

 gerie." Of the former, two volumes only have appeared, 

 treating of the genera NumaJa, Psithyrus, Bomhus, An- 

 drena, and Osmia ; while the latter, so far, has dealt 

 only with the Heterogijna, Yespidx, and part of the 

 Sphegidse. 



The present work owes much, as will be seen in its 

 pages, to the important papers on special groups of v. 

 Hagens, Haudlirsch, Kohl, Perez, and Schletterer, to the 

 Council of the Linnean Society for permission to reproduce 

 the figures of tongues on Plates 1a and 1b, and to that 

 of the Entomological Society of London for similar permis- 

 sion as regards the figures of details scattered throughout 

 the plates of this work, as well as to the assistance in 

 various ways of the following entomologists ; the late 

 Frederic Smith, whose kindness to the author, in deter- 

 mining doubtful specimens and in helping whenever applied 

 to, will always be in his memory ; Messrs. A. Beaumont ; 

 W. H. Bennett; G. C. Bignell ; T. R. Billups; E. A. 

 Butler; Rev. E. N. Bloomfield ; J. B. Bridgman; G. H. 

 Carpenter; H. S. Cuthbert ; C. W. Dale; F. Euock ; 

 P. Freke; G. E. Frisby ; "Willoughby Gardner; W. H. 

 Harwood; T. McGregor; R. McLachlau ; E. G. Marquaud ; 

 Rev. T. A. Marshall ; P. B. Mason ; Rev. F. D. Morice ; 

 R. Newstead ; R. C. L. Perkins; Vincent R. Perkins; 

 A. Piffard; H. Ramsden ; G. A. J. Rothuey; F. W. L. 

 Sladen ; Dr. H. Swale; W. H. Tuck; and to the following 

 local lists : Devon, (Parjitt) ; Gloucestershire, ( V. IL 

 Perliliis) ; Hastings and St. Leonards and vicinity ; Lan- 

 cashire and Cheshire, {Gardner); Land's End, {Mtinjiiand) ; 

 Norfolk, {Bridijmaii) ; R;igby, [Morice) ; Yorkshire, (7iVe- 

 huch). 



It has been thought by some that notes on the distii- 



