. 1 Monograph of I'.gypl'iait Diplcra. 15 



"etc., are generally shorter and less distinct; the posterior spira- 

 "cular process is present as in the larva (but without function). The 

 "prothoraeal spiracles of the pupa behave, as mentioned above in 

 'different ways ; in many species (most of the Syrphinae) they do 

 "not protrude through the puparium and are thus not visible 

 "externally, but in some of the Syrphince and in nearly all the 

 "others they protrude as shorter or longer anterior spiracnlar 

 "tubes, beset with tubercles in various ways. The points through 

 "which they protrude are often (perhaps always) preformed in the 

 "larval skin; these points lie in the first abdominal segment... The 

 "opening of the puparium takes place in a way characteristic for 

 "the family ; two pieces are detached, both belonging to the dorsal 

 "side; 1be lower piece stretches from the mouth opening over a 

 "part of prothorax, over mesothorax and a part of metatborax, 

 "the upper piece then continues over the rest of metatborax, the 

 "first and second abdominal segments and a part of the third 

 "abdominal segment; this latter piece has near its anterior margin 

 "the anterior spiracnlar tubes, when such are present. As said it 

 "is only the dorsal part of the segments which are detached. This 

 "mode of opening is quite another than in other Cyclorrhapha, 

 "where both dorsal and ventral parts are detached, and it is in 

 "connection with the fact that in the Syrphid pupa the mouth 

 "opening by the contraction has become situated quite downwards 

 "at the lower anterior margin and is not terminal as in most other 

 "cyclorrhapbous pupae. Brauer in his work on the larvae has 

 "given a quite erroneous statement, as he says that the lower side 

 "of the anterior segments by the contraction at the pupation 

 "becomes situated terminally at the anterior end, while it is in 

 "reality quite opposite. De Meijere has thoroughly described and 

 "figured the facts for some Syrphid DUDae (Zool. Jahrb. Abtbeil. 



"fur Syst., XIV, 1900, 122, Taf. 7 "Fig. 37-39) As the 



"Syrphids have no frontal bladder the opening must be caused in 

 "another way. Becker says (Wien. cut. Zeitg.I, 1882, 51), that it 

 "is caused by a widening of tbe epistoma (Untergesicht), this is 

 "also so ; when a pupa is taken out of the puparium the epistoma 

 "is somewhat folded in, and it gets first its final more or less 

 "protruding shape by the opening of the puparium. The pupae 

 "are generally found in the same places as t lie larvae. The deposi- 

 "tion of the e^i;s takes place wbere the larvae live : the eggs of 

 "Syrphus are laid singly between Aphids on leaves. ..." 



The only record I can trace of Syrphidae being attacked by 

 parasitic hymenoptera in Egypt is Bassus Icetatorius Fabr., which 

 has been bred from a larva of Syrphus sp. by Mr. T.W. Kirkpa- 

 trick ; a good many however have been bred in Europe from 

 Lasiophthicus, Xanthogramnw, Eristalis, Syrphus and other genera. 



