NYMPHALIDiE. DANAIN^. DANAIS. 31 



long fleshy tentacula upwards of half an inch in length, the first pair on the second segment 

 projected horizontally forward over the head, the other three on the tliird, fifth, and twelfth 

 segments projected upwards and backwards- It is dark ringed between the sejjments, and has a 

 row of six large oval red spots in the spiracular region on the fifth to tenth segments, both 

 inclusive. The chrysalis is I'l inch in length; it is simply suspended by the tail. In 

 general outline it closely resembles the chrysalis oi Hestia belia, but the tail is more pointed. 



The figure is taken from a specimen from Penang in the Indian Museum, Calcutta; the 

 upperside only is shown, the underside being similar in markings to the upperside. 



Genus 3.— DAITAIS, Latreille. (Pi.atks V to VII). 

 i?<i«<i;V, Latreille, Enc. iMcdi., vol. ix, p. lo (1819) ; Hoisd. and Lee, Lcp. Am. Sept., p. 133 (iSss) ; 

 Doubl., Gen. D. L., p. 89 (1847) ; Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, pp.43, \t\. Monograph \ Danaida^ 

 Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins., vol. xiv, p. 108 (1805) ; Datiaus, Latr,, Gen. Crust. Ins., vol. iv, p. 201 (iSog). 



" Antenn^^i, about one half the length of the body, gradually but distinctly clavate. 

 Forelegs, with tlie femora and tibioe about equal in length ; the tarsi shorter. Tarsi of the 

 MALES sometimes obscurely two-jointed, the basal joint subcylindric, rather stoutest at the 

 apex ; the second joint about one-fourth the length of the first, more or less pointed ; some- 

 times without any indication of joints, subcylindric, tapering towards the base and apex. 

 7am of the females four-jointed, the last joint often indistinct, all, except the last, with a 

 stout spine on each side at the apex. Middle and Hindlegs with the tarsi very spiny ; the 

 claws long, slightly curved ; the pulvilli and paronychia obsolete." 



"Caterpillar. — Subcylindrical, tapering towards the head ; furnished with a few long 

 fleshy tentacula, not retractile, placed in pairs, usually on the third and last segments. They 

 are mostly white, tinged with green or purple, marked with tranverse bands or narrow rings 

 of black, the space between them often marked with yellow dots. They feed chiefly on 



ASCLEPIADE^." 



"Chrysalis. — Suspended by the tail, ovate, contracted about the middle ; the abdomen 

 very short. They are commonly of a beautiful transparent green, spotted with black, and banded 

 and spotted with gold, sometimes altogether of the most brilliant golden colour." (^Westwood.) 



Danais is distinguished from Euplona by the want of paronychia and pulvilli, as well as 

 by the style of the sexual mark in the males, when present. This genus comprises several well- 

 marked groups, and has a very wide range ; some species are to be found in the warm latitudes 

 of every part of the globe. The perfect insects generally appear within fifteen days after the 

 chrysalis form has been assumed. They are of slow flapping flight, but often sailing high in the 

 air with their wings expanded ; most of the species are numerous and abundant where found. 



The Indian species of Danais come under the following groups : — 



A. The males having the anterior tibiae and tarsi covered with short scales and fringed with thinly 



scattered long hairs ; colours fuscous, with whitish or hyaline markings. 

 a. Males with no scent-pouch on the hindwing. 



I. Radena, Moore. 

 h. Males with two scent-pouches on the hindwing, marked on the underside by" dilatation of 

 the^rji median nervule and submedian nervure. 

 II. Parantica, Moore. 

 C. Males with two scent-pouches on the hindwing, marked on the underside by dilatation of the 

 submedian and internal nervures. 



III. Chittira, * Moore. 

 d. Males with one scent-pouch between the first median nervule and submedian nervure 

 protruding on the underside as a prominent sac. 

 IV. Tirumala, Moore. 



B. The males having the anterior tibise and tarsi covered with long, hair-like, not appressed scales, 



colours tawny brown with black and white markings. 



a. Males with one scent-pouch placed as in Tirwnala, but with the sac not nearly so prominent« 

 V. Salatura, Moore. 



•This group contains two types, very distinct in form and style of markings ; the first has the wings 

 elongate narrow, and with the hyaline markings greatly predominating (type Z>. tytid). This is probably the 

 type separated as Caduga by Moore, but we have been unable to obtain any diagnosis o{ Caduga, and therefore 

 cannot assign the name with certainty ; the second has the wings shorter and broader, and the hyaiiae markings 

 much reduced and narrow. This latter is the true Chittira of Moore (type, D, taprobana). 



