NYMPHALID^. DANAIN/E. DANAIS. 43 



throughout the Himalayas from Kashmir eastwards extending into Tenasserim ; to tlie west 

 it is comparatively rare, getting commoner towards the east. According to Col. Lang 

 it is a forest-loving insect, frequenting in the Western Himalayas, wooded glens, at 6,000 to 

 7,000 feet altitude, with a high and soaring flight. In Kulu " it is not uncommon ; it has 

 four broods — the first brood appearing in April at the lower altitudes ; the second brood 

 appears in June at about 6,000 feet elevation ; a third brood appears in August and the first 

 week in September ; and the fourth, which is much the smallest in numbers, appears late in 

 October. It is strong on the wing and a high flier ; the long pendant flowers of the hill toon 

 (Ctf^w/a j^rra/«) are much affected by it." {A. Grahame Young). Near Simla it appears to 

 be rare. Mr. de Niceville, who has carefully explored the surrounding hills himself, only found 

 Z?. tytia on the wing once, in a wooded glen near Theog on the Hindustan and Thibet road ; 

 and though it is said actually to swarm in the Simla hills in some years, it has not done so 

 to his knowledge since 1876. From Mussoorie specimens were brought by Herr von Hugel_ 

 In Kumaon, according to Mr. E. T. Atkinson, it is common about Naini Taland Almorah from 

 September to November. It has been reported also from Nepal and Bhutan. In Sikkim it is 

 common ; in the Khasi hills it is found in the autumn, and in the hilly districts of Burma it is 

 common during the cold weather. It has also been found in Western Yunan. 



21. DanaiS melaaOTlS, Cramer. (Plate V, Fig. 5 (J ?). 



Pajiilio melaneus, Cram, V^p. Ex., vol. i, pi. xxx, fig. D (1775) ; Herbst, Pap., pi. cxxiil, fig S ('793) I 

 Hestia tpltyre, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 15, n. 74 (1816) ; Danais melane, Godart, Enc. M6th., vol. ixi 

 p. 192, n. 53 (1819) ; Danais melaneiis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 822. 



Habitat : Tiie Eastern Himalayas, extending through Burma to Malayana and Java. 



Expanse : 3*1 to 4*4 inches. 



Description : Forewing marked spot for spot as in D. tytia, but differs from that 

 species in being less elongate and falcate ; the hindwing also is shorter and rounder. The 

 ground-colour of the hindwing is swarthy instead of bright ferruginous, and the bifid streak 

 in the cell, which is generally present in D. tytia, is never seen in this species ; the marginal 

 and submarginal series of small spots are, however, more distinct. The underside agrees 

 exactly in markings with Z>. tytia, but the ground-colour of the hindwing differs in the same 

 way as it does on the upperside. 



Z>. melatuus is found in Sikkim, Sylhet, and the Khasi hills in November. In October 

 also Mr. de Niceville found it in profusion in the Sikkim tarai and as high as 6,000 feet 

 in the Darjiling hills. In Tenasserim it was taken by Limborg in the cold weather at 

 Ahsown, Moulmein, and Meetan. Captain Bingham took it in the Thoungyeen forests in the 

 Tenasserim interior in the spring months ; and it has been found in Penang, Malacca, and 

 Java. It is apparently a forest-loving insect, similar in habits and in general appearance to 

 D. tytia. 



The figure is taken from specimens from Sibsagar in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, and 

 shows the upperside of both sexes ; the female on the left, and the male on the right. 



22. Danais allglrlenslS, Moore. (Plate VI, Fig. 9 (? ). 

 D. nil^riensis, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fourth series, vol. xx, p. 44 (1877). 



Habitat : Conoor, Nilgiris ; Ashamboo Hills. 



Expanse : 3 o to 3-8 inches. 



Description : " Fuliginous black, with bluish-white markings. Forewing, with a bluish- 

 white, black-streaked stripe within the cell ; three subapical costal spots, below which are 

 two narrow streaks, the lower elongated ; five spots within the disc ; an elongated, black- 

 centered, triangular streak between median and submedian nervures ; a submarginal series of 

 seven spots, the lower, second, and third with a dentate point outward ; a short marginal row 

 of small dots from posterior angle. Hindwing, with a bluish-white, narrow, fusiform streak 



