NYMPHALID^. DANAIN/E. DANAIS. 45 



Fourth Group : — TiRUMAl.A : " Forewing broad, triangular ; first branch of the subcostal 

 nervure emitted at one-fifth before the end of the cell and free from the costal, the second 

 emitted from the end of the cell. Hindwing broadly oval ; exterior margin very convex ; 

 costal nervure slightly curved ; cell short, anteriorly oblique ; second subcostal branch 

 starting from nearer the first, and third median branch nearer the second than in Radena, 

 Male, with an open scent-pouch between tlie first median nervule and submedian nervure, the 

 pendent sac of which is prominent on the underside. Anlenme shorter than in Radena, the 

 club shorter and tip more pointed. Lai'va with two pair of fleshy filaments. Type D. li/iiniac(e, 

 Cramer." {Moore, Lep. Ceylon, p. 4, 1880). 



This group is represented by three species in the Indian region, and a fourth is included 

 on somewhat doubtful grounds. They appear to be more variable in their markings than 

 the species of other allied groups q{ Danais, so much so that specimens are often found which 

 it is difficult to identify with certainty. Their colouration is a beautiful indigo black with 

 subhyaline bluish-white spots and streaks ; all the species are of rather large size, and two of 

 them are very common. 



Zey to the Indian species of Tirumala. 



A. d Males with one scent-pouch on hindwing, prominent on underside as a pendent sac. Colours blue 

 black, with subhyaline markings. 



a^. With two hyaline streaks from the base in the cell of forewing. 



24. D. (Tirtiinala) Gautama, Burma. 



6^ With only a single streak from the base in the cell of forewing. 

 a^. Hyaline markings large, prominent and very pale. 



a*. Wings broad and short, marginal spots on hindwing brown, basal area 

 of hindwing almost entirely hyaline, with no dark streak between 

 median and submedian nervures. 



25. D. (Tirumala) Melissa, India (?), Java. 



b*. Wings somewhat elongate, no brown spots on hindwing; marginal spots 

 prominent ; the hyaline mark between median and submedian 

 nervures of hindwing cleft outwardly by a dark streak. 



26. D. {Tirumala) limniace, India. 



^■■'. Hyaline markings small, dark, and distinct, with no tendency to coalesce. 



27. D. {Tirumala) septentrionis, India. 



24. Danais guatama, Moore. 



D. gauta7Ha, Moore, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., fouth series, vol. xx, p. 43 (1877). 

 Habitat : Arakan, Meplay Valley, Henzadah, Burma. 



Expanse : 3 4 to 4"o inches. 



Description : '• Fkmale : Black with bluish-white markings. Fo7-ewing v^\\}a two long 

 streaks within base of cell and three short streaks at its end ; a series of five narrow streaks 

 beyond end of the cell ; six discal spots ; two lengthened narrow streaks starting from base 

 between the median and submedian nervures, and a spot beyond, the upper streak broken 

 near its end ; three small spots before the apex, and a maiginal row of spots ; a short streak at 

 base of hind margin. Hindwiitg with three streaks within the cell, an elongated discal 

 series of streaks, and two outer marginal rows of small spots." {Moore, 1 c.) The male 

 differs only from the female in having the black sexual spot, which is situated between the 

 first median nervule and submedian nervure, and is produced into a pouch below with the 

 opening on the upperside. Underside like the upperside, except that the apical region of 

 ih^ forewing and the whole of the hindwing is ochreous brown. 



" Most nearly allied to D. septentrionis, Butler, but differs in the shape of ihc forewing 

 (that of D. gautama being shorter), the two basal streaks within base of the cell, the wider 

 interspaces between the discal and marginal spots, and in the form of the streaks below the 

 cell. On thehindwingit has an additional streak within the cell, and the discal streaks between 

 the veins are broad." iA/oore, I. c.) » 



