NYMPHALIDiE. SATYRIN^. ZETHERA. 97 



a*. With the lower disco-cellular nervule in the hindwing close to the 

 base of the wing ; the second subcobtal branch in the fore- 

 wing originating beyond the cell. 



XXI — RAGADli. 



i^. Outer margin of /orewing concave, of hindwiiig dentate and 

 slightly caudate. 



XXH.— Erites. 

 c'. Outer margin even or but slightly scalloped : discoidal cell 

 narrow and elongate in both wings. 



XXIII — CEneis. 

 b". With the wings' broad and rounded ; outer margin even or very slightly 

 sinuate in hindwing. 

 rt". The costa of forewing much arched from the base. 



XXIV.— Erbbia. 

 XXV.— Callerkbia. 

 5'', With no ocelli visible on the upperside, except by transparency; 

 tnose of the underside prominent ; inner margin of forewing 

 shorter than in Erebia, 



XXVI.-ZlPO-TES. 



b. With the palpi clothed in front with short dense appressed scaly hairs, and perceptibly 

 tufted behind ; the hindwing caudate ; the nervures of forewing not swollen at base. 



a'. With the submedian nervure of forewing reaching the hinder angle, and 

 the first median branch reaching the outer margin considerably above it. 



XXVII.— Melanitis. 

 XXVIII.— HiPio. 

 XXIX — Cyllogenes. 

 3'. With the submedian nervure of forewing short and curved, the first median 

 branch terminating at the hinder angle. 



XXX. — Parantirrhcea. 

 The genera of the SatyrincB are structurally very closely related to each other ; but in 

 addition to the structural distinctions noted above each genus exhibits a distinctive style of 

 colouration and markings, which, though sometimes difficult to define, is generally unmistakable 

 to the experienced eye ; thus in Mycalesis the underside almost invariably has a straight trans- 

 verse band across the middle of both wings, with a more or less prominent series of ocelli 

 beyond it ; in Lethe the basal area on the underside is usually either irregularly or not at all 

 variegated ; while in Zophoessa it is usually ornamented with straighter transverse lines ; in 

 Hipparchia and the allied groups the upper surface is usually brown, variegated with yellowish 

 brown ; in Aulocera the upper surface is black with a white transverse common stripe ; in 

 Erebia the upperside is'dark brown, sometimes with ferruginous patches and an ocellus at apex 

 of forewing ; in ]^//5i'w^ the upper surface is more uniform lighter brown, and the ocellus at 

 the apex in it and in Callerebia is always bipupilled ; and so on. Many of the genera comprise 

 but a single species, such as Anadehis, Orinoma, Cyllogenes and Par antinhaa ; others again 

 have only one representative within Indian limits, such as Zethera, Pararge, Erites, (Eneis and 

 Ragadia, or only two or three, such as Ccelites, Neorina, Rhaphicera and Zipcetes ; the genera 

 which contain the greatest number of species, such as Mycalesis, Lethe, and Melanitis, have been 

 recently divided off into several groups, some of which depend, as in the case of the 

 divisions of Dattais and Euplcea, on the presence and position of scent-pouches and tufts of 

 hair on the wings of the male insect. Some few of the genera are purely Indian ; others are 

 Asiatic and Malayan ; and again others belong only to the Paloearctic region, and occur within 

 our limits only in the mountains on the north and west. 



Genus 5.— ZETHERA, Felder. (Plate XIV.) 



Zethera, Felder, Neues Lep., p. 26, n. 61 (June, 1S61) ; Atneckania, Hewitsou, Ex. Butt , vol. ii, pi. i 

 (July, 1861). 



" Body rather large, quadrate ; abdomen small and slender. Eyes small, smooth. Palpi 

 long, densely clothed with scales throughout, pressed closely to the head, where they 

 are clothed with long white hair. Antennae of moderate length, slender, very slightly 



