104 NYMPHALID.t. SATYRIN.^. MYCALESIS. 



b. Males with no erfcctile tuft on hind-uniig near subcostal nervure ; but with two recumbent tufts 

 along median nervure on either side. Eyes naked. The costal nervure only swollen at 

 base in forewing. 



IV. Orsotri;Ena. 



B, Males with a glandular pouch and tuft on hindwing only, near to the subcostal nen-ure and overlapped 



by the forewing. 



a. With the first subcostal nervule in hindwing emitted some distance before end of the cell, 

 a'. With the second median nervule in hindwing emitted at end of the cell. 



a'. The disco-cellular nervules of forewing very concave ; forewing with 

 a tuft of hairs at base of costa overlaying the swollen costa 

 nervure. 



V. Calysisme. 



i'. The disco-cellular nervules of forewing straight ; with the hairs at 

 base of costa short, and not overlajing the swollen costal nervure. 



VI. Telinga. 



e-. The forewing broad and short ; the outer margin convex. 



VII. Pachama. 



f . With the second median nervule in hindwing emitted some distance before end 

 of the cell. 



a'. The forewing elongate ; the outer margin concave. 



VIII. Culapa. 



i. With the first subcostal nervule in hindwing emitted immediately before the end of the cell ; 

 the second median from before the end of the cell. 



IX. Kabanda. 



e. With the first subcostal nervule in hindwing emitted at the end of the cell. 



a'. With the second median nervuie in hindwing emitted at the end of the cell. 



X. Samanta. 



i'. With the second median nervule emitted from some distance beyond the end of 

 the cell. 



XI. NiSSANGA. 



C. Males with two glandular patches and tufts on the hindwing, placed one near the subcostal nervure and 



overlapped by the forewing, the other on the submedian nervure. 



XII. LOESA. 



The foregoing table represents the structural features which define the groups. Orso- 

 tricEua is very distinct and perhaps worthy of separate generic rank, so also to a lesser 

 degree are Virapa, Nissanga, and Loesa ; but the structural distinctions among the others are 

 comparatively unimportant. In addition to the structural features there are also in many 

 cases different types of colouration which run through the groups, and which are detailed 

 further on. 



These are in their habits perhaps the most sedentary of all the diurnal Lepidop- 

 tera. They frequent thick herbage in shady places, and rest frequently on the undersides 

 of leaves, seldom taking flight unless disturbed e.xcept towards evening, so much so that 

 to secure specimens it is often necessary to beat the bushes to discover them. Up- 

 wards of a hundred species have been described, of which some are African and the 

 remainder are spread through Eastern Asia and the Malay Archipelago, extending to Japan, 

 New Guinea, and Australia ; a few are found in the valleys of the North-West Himalaya, 

 extending into the mountams of Kashmir and throughout peninsular India and Ceylon 

 in suitable localities, but to the westward of Kashmir they are unknown or unrecorded as yet, 

 in Asia or Europe. 



First Group. — ViRAPA : *^ Forewing, with costa arched in the middle, apex convex, ex- 

 terior margin oblique and even, posterior angle acute ; costal, subcostal, and median nervures 

 swollen at the base, first subcostal branch emitted immediately before end of the cell, disco- 

 cellulars bent inward at their middle, radials from upper near the cell. Male with a glan- 

 dular patch of raised scales on the middle of submedian nervure, the patch being partially 

 covered by a tuft of long fine hairs exserted outward from each side of the nervure, Hindiving 



