l82 NYMPHALID.^. SATYRIN^. IIIPPARCHIA. 



from A. schakra ; on the underside all four specimens diflfer both from A. schakra and 

 A. tneniva in that the apical ocellus of Xhz foreioiitg \a.cV% the well-defined narrow dark outer 

 rin", having only an incomplete rather diffused ring, the lower portion obsolete ; in the 

 A iiithvi ft '^ the ground-colour is paler than even in A. schakra, and, as Felder states, the streaks 

 are fuscous scarcely margined with fulvous ; and the one beyond the cell is distinctly more 

 irregular and angled in outline. The males correspond so exactly with Felder's description of 

 A. iiucroiJes that we cannot doubt their identity witli that species, and we can only surmise that 

 a female of A. menava has been accidentally figured by Felder as the female of A. mceroides. 



Genus 17.— HIPPAHOHIA, Fabricius, 

 Hipparchin, Fabricius, 111. Mag., vol. v!, p. 281 (1S07) ; Satyrus {in part), Westwood, Gen. D. L., p. 388, 

 (1851.) 



" Body crenerally rather robust, hairy •,forewing\v'Vih. the costal and median nervures swollen 

 at the base, and the outer margin somewhat scalloped. Head rather small, thickly clothed 

 with rather short hairs, j^jw prominent, naked. Z";?//? rather short, porrected obliquely, but 

 not reaching much above the level of the middle of the eyes, and extending forwards about 

 half the length of the head, rather thickly clothed beneath with moderately short hairs ; the 

 middle joint with a compressed conical tuft of hairs in the middle of the hinder margin ; termi- 

 nal jciint very short and oval. Antenmc not near half the length of the forewing, very slender, 

 articulations indistinct, not annulated with white ; terminated either by a short, abrupt, broad, 

 concave club, or by a long, slender, fusiform club, with its base gradually formed. Thorax 

 oval, clothed especially behind with long soft hairs. Ahdotnen moderately elongate-ovate. 

 FoREWl.NG with the costal and median nervures greatly swollen at the base ; costal margin well 

 arched, apex rounded ; outer margin more than two-thirds the length of the costal ; inner margin 

 not, or scarcely, so long as the outer one, nearly straight. Nairation as in Lasionnnata ; the 

 third and fourth branches of the subcostal nervure being, however, more approximate to each 

 other than in Lasiommata, leaving a greater space between the extremity of the discoidal cell 

 and the third, and between the fourth and the tip of the wing. The upper disco-cellular ner- 

 vule is extremely short and transverse, and the middle and lower ones nearly continuous and 

 oblique ; the latter united with the third branch of the median nervure at about the same dis- 

 tance from its origin as exists between the first and second branches. The discoidal cell extends 

 to the middle of the wing. Hindwing broadly ovate, more or less scalloped along the outer 

 margin ; the abdominal margin entire. Neuyatton as in Lasiommata, except that the upper 

 disco-cellular nervule is longer, and the loiver disco-cellular is united to the third branch of the 

 median nervure at a rather shorter distance from its origin than exists between the first and 

 second branches of the median nervure. Forelegs of comparatively moderate length, and 

 distinctly visible in both sexes ; those of the male being much more densely clothed with hair, 

 and those of \\\q female rather larger. Tarsus simple in the male, but articulated in iht female ; 

 not armed, however, with minute spines at the tips of the joints. Four hindlegs rather short, 

 scaly ; femora almost entirely destitute of hairs beneath ; tibice armed with several rows of 

 spines, set rather widely apart, at the sides beneath ; tibial spurs very acute, and rather long ; 

 tarsi armed beneath and at the sides with several rows of short spines ; tips of the joints with 

 longer spines. Claws entire, long, very acute, and curved. Paronychia very slender." 



" Larva pubescent, elongate-conical ; head rounded ; tail bifurcate ; body marked 

 with dark longitudinal stripes. They conceal themselves and remain inactive during the 

 day, but come forth to feed by night, when they may be found in great numbers M'ith the 

 help of a lamp, feeding indifferently on different kinds of grasses. Pupa short, ovoid, 

 glabrous, with the head obtuse and tail pointed ; either suspended by the tail, or enclosed in a 

 cocoon of earth mixed with a little silk." — ^Westwood, 1. c. ) 



The genus Hippaickia as restricted is a Palcearctic form, and extends throughout Europe 

 and North Asia, occurring also in North Africa, North America, and Japan. Within our limits 

 they are only found in the mountainous regions on the North-West and West frontiers ; 

 most of them appear to be local, and many of them are very rare in collections, as they occur 



