194 NVMPIIALID.E. SATYRlN.^i. HIPPARCHIA. 



the neivures of the hindwing not whitish. II. antJu; ab. analoga, Upperside with the 

 fascia; golden yellow ; undf.kside as in van eiiei^iUa. The variety enervata is always a 

 little smaller than the true //. anlJu of South-Enstern Russia. The fasciae are never of a pure 

 white as in the latter ; if indeed on the upperside the bands are white (which is rare), they 

 are always more or less ochraceous on the underside, so also is always part of the disc of the 

 forewing on the underside. But the vtlx'x&X.'j enervata is aboveall characterised by the hindwing, 

 which is not veined with white or whitish. The aberration analoga corresponds absolutely to 

 the variety haiiifa, Nordmann, by the orange-yellow colour of the bands, and with enervata, 

 by the underside of the hindwings. The specimens taken in August appear to me smaller 

 but not otherwise distinct from those taken in May. It occurs between 2,000 and 3,500 feet 

 altitude. The H. nnthe ol the Altai and of Ferganah according to Staudinger, as well as all 

 those of Turkesfan according to Erschoff, belong to my variety enervata" (Alpheraky, 1. c.) 

 Hipparchia kaufmauni, Erschoff, (Lep. Turk., p. 19, n. 60, pi. i, fig. 14 (1874), female) 

 from Turkestan is a very distinct species, to judge from the figure ; the upperside is brown, the 

 hindwing unmarked, the forewing bearing a small black subapical spot on a white elongate 

 streak which joins a small whitish streak from the costa ; a small black spot on the upper 

 median interspace and a large one on the lower, both narrowly ringed with whitish ; the 

 underside almost uniform ochreous, the hindwing with indistinct median and submarginal 

 dusky lines ; forewing with the black subapical spot, but no pale streak ; and the two median 

 spots ringed as on the upperside, and placed on a diffused dark discal patch. 



Hipparchia pkisdra, Linnaeus, with which H. dryas, Scopoli, is closely allied, if not identi- 

 cal, is also found over the same area ; it is very distinct from all the foregoing, the upperside 

 being uniform brown with no trace of a submarginal band, but with two black spots bearing 

 large bluish-silvery pupils ; the underside being also dark brown throughout, with the ocelli 

 of the upperside, a darker submarginal band on both wings, and an indistinct median band 

 on the hindwing. 



Hippa'cliia ciree,¥Ahx\c\w%[= Hipparchia proserpina, Wiener Verzeichniss] which most 

 nearly resembles the Aitlocera genus in colouration, has been found in the Caucasus ; it very 

 closely resembles A. padma, but on the underside the white band is broader and better defined 

 on the forewing ; and there are clouded white patches in the cell of the forewing and a 

 broad irregular white streak from the middle of the costa on the hindwing extending 

 across the cell. A variety, H virbim, is recorded from the Caucasus. 



Hipparchia hermione, Linnreus, also found in Syria and the Caucasus, is a browner insect 

 almost equally large, but with no white band on the upperside, it being replaced by an indistinct, 

 but uniform, paler brown band. On the underside the band is pale yellowish brown on the 

 forewing, whitish on the hindwing inwardly, and clouded with brown outwardly ; the rest of 

 the wing rather dark brown, mottled and freckled with very dark brown ; a lunulate dark 

 submarginal line, a dark median line defining the band, and a very irregular dark subbasal line. 



The foregoing descriptions will suffice for the identification of all the Hipparchias as yet 

 known to occur within our limits ; but as shown above numerous species and varieties of this 

 genus are found in the Caucasus, Turkestan and the neighbourhood of Kuldja, and since our 

 own frontier and the intervening regions have been so little explored, it is difficult to predict 

 which of the numerous forms are likely to occur on further research. We have included brief 

 descriptions of all of these so far as our material is sufficient for this, but unfortunately it is 

 incomplete. The species of this genus are not only numerous but are so variable and withal 

 often so closely allied, that, unless the material is complete, conclusive identification is 

 almost impossible. 



The genus Melanargia, Meigen, which is closely allied to Hipparchia, having the eyes 

 raked, but with the median nervure scarcely perceptibly swollen at the base, and with no 

 secondary sexual characters in the male, doee not extend to India so far as is yet known. 

 All the species are white with black markings, and the type is the "marbled white " of 

 England, M. gahithca, Linnrcus. One species at least is found in Persia, and a female in 



