NYMPHALID/E. SATVRIN.E. EriNEPHELE. 207 



and the iris far less distinct ; and on the underside in having the median dark line very faint on 

 the hindwing, and almost absent from the forewing. The FKMAl.iC differs in having on the 

 underside the median line on the forewing continued straight to the costa and inner margin 

 instead of merging into the rings of the ocelli ; and the pale submarginal hand on the hindwing 

 is far more prominent. In a large series of this sex in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, obtained 

 from Persia, the upperside has a dark discal fascia well defiued externally, diffused inwardly on 

 both wings, and two submarginal black spots, each with a broad pale yellow iris on the 

 forewing. 



E. pallesccns. E. aminlm, E. dys.lora and E. cadiida are also all found in Persia, and 

 belong to this group ; of these descriptions are appended below for reference.* The climate 

 of the dry elevated region=; in Persia seems peculiarly suited to the development of this genus. 



Avery distinct species of this group is described by Alpheraky fiom the neighbour- 

 hood of Kuldja under the name of E. khghisa ; it has both zoiii-s fulvous on the upper- 

 side, and margined with brown. 



Epinephele kir^hisa, Alpheraky, Ilor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vol. xvi, p. 423, n. 97, pi. xv, 

 figs. 24, <? ; 25, ¥ (1881). ExPANSii:: $ and $,18 inches. Description : " /^?7-«w/«^ entire, 

 ///Wtw'w^ subdentate. Uppkrsidk dilute fulvous, with two rounded black spots (one subapical 

 and the other in the first median interspace), larger in the female, soaietimes with white 

 pupils, and the margin of both wings swarthy. Male with a subcellular greyish-fuscous 



upperside in lacking the se.xual streak ; the ocellus is often distinct'y white pupilled, and with a second coherent 

 black spot below, and often another lower black spot, each with a distinct though narrow yellowish iris ; the 

 submarginal band of fulvous irrorations is much more distinct and often divided into streaks by the fuscous 

 nervules. Undkrside with the ocellus as on upperside ; the iris wider ; a median dark line on both wings, 

 beyond which is a broad submarginal fascia, fulvous on the forewing, greyish-ochraceous on the hindwing ; the 

 basal half of the forewing washed with fulvous, the outer margin of both wings broadly darker than the basal 

 half. (Described from specimens from Prussia.) 



* Efhtefihek paVesceus, Butler, Cat. Lep. B. "i\ , S.^tyriJiP, p. 65, n. 8, pi iii, fig. 3 (1868), y^;«rt/^. 

 Habitat: Persia. Expanse: Malr^ I'o; female, 2 \ inches. Description :" Upperside pale olivaceous- 

 fuscous ; the cilia whitish. Fo'eiving oftheMAi.K with a < inerascent internal basal fascia : the outer margin 

 slightly fuscescent ; a black subapical dot ; of the female with a disco-cellular spot, and two elongate and a dot, 

 discal, arranged in a direct series, golden-yellow; a large black subapical ocellus with two pupils placed obliquely 

 (the lower suialler), and irregularly circled with fulv..us. Hindwing in botk sexes undulated. Und^kside 

 almost as in E. ida." {Butler, 1. c.) We have no specimens oi E. ida, but from Godart's description of this and 

 Butler's uncoloured figure of £. />rt//<'.fa'«i-. we gather that on the underside \^^ /o'eiiniig\f, fulvous with a 

 median striga, within which the basal half is somewhat clouded with darker ; the ocellus as on upperside, and 

 the costa narrowly, and the outer margui broadly fuscous. Hindwing clouded and variegated vvith greyish, a 

 median very angulate line from costa to inner margin, beyond which the ground-colour is whitish, gradually 

 darkening, and bearing another indistinct submarginal line ; no trace of ocelli. It is evidently very close to 

 E. lycaon. 



Epinephele amnrdcea, Lederer, Hor. -Soc. Ent. Ross, vol. vi, p. 84, pi. v, figs. 3 vtnle, ^female (1869). 

 Habitat: Astrabad, Persia. Expanse: Mate, \' a, -.female, 1-5 inches. Description: •' Upperside fuscous. 

 /"o'f7i'/«^ with a subapical black spot (on a fulvous disc in the female) Undeksidk: Forewing {v\\\'o^\^ with 

 two brown striyai, and a subapical spot with white pupil. ///WW«^ greyish, with three serrated fuscoijs striga;, 

 washed with hoary outside the second, and two subanal dots adhering to the inner edge of the third striga. '1 he 

 UNDKRsiDE is darker, and the markings are inoie sharply defined than in i". /yc'/ow. /^ci>v?('/",g- with the outer 

 margin grey-brown ; the costal margin with darker strise, a dark transverse line across the cell ; one median across 

 the wing beyund the cell, and one submarginal— the latter edged paler outwardly." {Ledeter, I. c.) 



Epinephele drsdo'a, T.ederer, Hor. Soc. Ent Ross., vol. vi, p. 85, pi. v, figs, i ?«rt/if, 2 female (1869). 

 Habitat: Astrabad, Persia. K.xpanse : Male and female. 175 inches. Description: " Upperside fuscous, 

 with a subapical black spot on a fuscous band (and m the female another smaller belnw it). Underside : /v?r- 

 «»/«.?• fulvous, a fuscous striga before the subapical white-pupilled spot. HindTcing c'wereoua, a sharply defined 

 striga bevond the middle, outwardly washed with whitish ; two subanal black dots with yellow irides Also 

 allied to is /jra<'«, but the marking's of the underside much clearer and more delicate Upperside dark brown 

 as in E. jaiitra. the hindwing slightlv scalloped ; the c/V/W brown-grey. /^(;;-^jc/«o- in the male with a black 

 ocellus at the apex in the fulvous band, which band disappears towards the inner margin, and is somewhat difiused 

 inwaidly, and crossed by fuscous veins. 1'he fe.mm.e has the two black spots surrounded by faint yellowish irides, 

 the fulvous band defined inwardly by a fuscous striga, within which the ground-colour is again sufl^used with 

 fulvous for a short distance " (Lederer, I c.) In the figure of the underside the forewing is fulvous with brown 

 margins, the spots as on the upuerside, a dark median line across the wing, and a dark submarginal line out- 

 wardly defined with whitish. Hitidwing grey-brown, an incoiriplete subbasal striga ; a dark median deatate 

 striga ending just above the anal angie on the inner margin, outwardly defined with whitish, which shades off 

 into the brown beyond, a pale indistitict submarginal fascia, and luuular marginal band ; the two subanal ocelli 

 near the inner edge of the pale submarginal fascia. 



Epinephele cadusia, I.ederer, Hor. Soc Ent Ross, vol. vi, p. 84, pi. iv, figs. 10 male ; 11, female fi86ql. 

 Habitat: Astrabad, Persia. Exianse: I^Iale, \-s;female, i-6 inches. Description : "Uppkrsidr fuscous, the 

 cilia whitish, the disc fulvous, including a black .subapical spot (subgeminaie in the fem.ale, with another smaller 

 one below). Underside. ./^V'(?7<7«e- fulvous, with a single brown striga. and a subapical spot with white pupil. 

 ///«^7('/«^ fuscescent-hoary, a median fuscescent striga bent backwards, outwardly washed with whitish. Very 

 close to E. lycaon, but smaller, with more rounded wings and whitish cilia : the/<;;r7('/"«°- in the male with 

 a fulvous band difi"used on the inner side (as in E. jnnira, \:kx. ielmessia). The undrkside as in E. lycann, 

 the colouration, however, much ligliter, whitish grey, the markings brown-grey. Very common." (Lederer, I. c). 



2S 



