NYMPIIALID.E. SATYRIN.E. YPTIIIMA. 213 



IIlNDWiNG triangularly ovate; costal margin rounded, as well as the outer margin, wliich is 

 entire ; inner margin slightly emarginate towards the extremity. Coslal nervure extending to 

 about two-thirds of the length of the costa. Sid'costal nervure arising just opposite to the 

 prrecostal one ; its branch arising at a considerable distance from the base. U/>per disco-cellular 

 arising at a short distance from the origin of the branch, oblique, sliglitly curved. Loxver 

 disco-cellular longer, also oblique, and very slightly curved ; uniting with the third branch of (he 

 median nervure at a little distance beyond its base. Forelegs of the male extremely minute, 

 hairy, concealed among the hairs of the breast. Coxa long ; remainder forming a very small 

 oval articulated mass, much shorter than the coxa. Forelegs of the female small, but quite 

 distinct, several times longer than those of the male, scaly, destitute of long hairs ; the iilia 

 shorter than the femur. Tarsus about equal in length to the tibia, rather widened to the tip, 

 articulated ; the tips of the joints beneath furnished with short spines. Clazvs wanting. Four 

 hindlegs scaly, moderately elongate and slender ; the femur moderately clothed beneath with 

 hairs ; tibia scaly, scarcely spined beneath ; tibial spurs long ; tarsi with longer spines on the 

 sides beneath. C/rtte/j strong, curved, entire. Paronychia vdvawiQ:' {lVes/7vood, \. c.) 



Ypthinia, or as it is sometimes spelt H)phthima, Yphthinia, and Ipthima is chiefly an Indian 

 genus. Of the (about) forty species known, no less than twenty-six are found within our limits, 

 but it has a peculiar distribution. Of the Indian species, eight are found in the Western 

 Himalayas, one of which extends to the Eastern Himalayas, and another is found all over India 

 in plains and hills, in suitable localities ; one is found in Beluchistan ; nine are found in the 

 Eastern Himalayas and Khasi hills ; three are found in the plains of North-east India ; six are 

 found in Burma ; six are found in Central India ; six at least are found in South India, of which 

 three appear to be confined to particular ranges of hills ; and three are found in Ceylon ; but 

 from the Andamans and Nicobars none have been recorded. Beyond our limits a few species 

 are found in Africa, one in IMadagascar, a few in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, and 

 others in Japan and China extending to Amoorland. 



The species of Yptkivia are for the most part small insects, none reaching 2'5 inches in 

 expanse, and some of them are among the smallest of the Rhopalocera, the LyccEiiida: and 

 Hesperiida alone excepted. They are for the most part brown insects with ocelli on both sides of 

 the wings, the underside being almost always finely reticulated with brown undulations on a 

 paler ground ; they have almost invariably a bipupilled ocellus on each side of the forewing, 

 and from three to seven ocelli on the underside of the hindwing ; but occasionally the ocelli 

 on this wing are entirely wanting; on the upperside of the hindwing they are very variable even 

 in the same species. In habits they are very similar to Erebia and Callercbia, occurring 

 almost everywhere both in the hills and plains where there is grass, amongst which they take 

 short weak flights, and continually settle ; but they dilTer in distribution, the two latter being 

 palcearctic forms, and only occurring within our limits in the Himalayas and outlying ranges. 

 They may be distinguished from Calleiebia by their usually much paler colouration, the 

 prominence of their ocelli and of the undulations of the underside. Structurally they differ 

 in the arrangement of the subcostal nervules of the forewing, having the first branch close to 

 the end of the cell, the other three at equal distances beyond, while in all the other genera of 

 this subfamily, except Ragadia, the first and second subcostal nervules both originate before the 

 end of the cell ; the median nervure of the forewing is usually only slightly swollen at the base, 

 showing an approach in this feature to Callercbia, which feature is particularly noticeable in 

 Y. nikim which occurs on the same ground as the Callerebias ; in only one species, Y. bolanica, 

 is the median nervure highly dilated at the base. 



The genus is, as in the case of Epinep/iele, Amecera and others, divisible into two groups, one 

 of w'hich has, and the other has not, a patch of densely packed scales on the forewing of the 

 male insect. There has been considerable difficulty in identifying the species of Ypthima 

 owing to this fact not having hitherto attracted attention, and to the meagre nature of the 

 original descriptions which based the characters in many instances on the numbers of the 

 ocelli — a very inconstant feature, or on comparison with other species to which they were 

 erroneously supposed to be allied. But though the number of the ocelli is an unsafe guide, 



