NYMPHALID.E. SATYRIN.E. EREBIA. 241 



232. Erebia kalinda, Moore. 



F., kalinda, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1805, p. 501, n. 92, pi. xxx, fig. %-,/cinaU. 

 Habitat : Western Himalayas. 

 Expanse : 1-85 to 2-1 inches. 



Description : " Female : Upperside greenish velvety brown ; both livings with a ferru- 

 ginous discal patch, that on \\\.q fonwinghm\g subapical. Forezving with an apical black spot, 

 having a white pupil and yellow iris. Undekside dull brown. Forcuiing as on upperside, but 

 the ferruginous colour extending anteriorly across the discoidal cell ; hindwing with a sub- 

 marginal series of white dots ; the ferruginous patch obsolete." (Moore, I. c.) " The male 

 differs from the female in being somewhat smaller, the wings rather narrower, and the exterior 

 margin of the forewing less rounded. The ferruginous patch on the upperside of the 

 kiiuhving is obsolete, or nearly so, in some specimens. The cilia are long and alternately white 

 and brown (in both sexes)." {Lang in epis.) It is also a much darker insect, the ground- 

 colour of the female being pale brown. 



The type specimens were taken by Colonel A. M. Lang, R,E., who recorded the following 

 note : ".fi". kalinda is local, and I saw very few, at two places on the hill-sides below the Runang 

 and Werang passes, not at the summit of the pass, but some 2,000 feet lower down. It has a 

 weak low flight among tlie grass and flowers. The perfect insect appears in June and July at 

 12,000 to 13,000 feet altitude below the melting snow on the passes in Upper Kunawar." Mr. 

 A. Graham Young has taken it in the Kulu valley in May ; Mr. de Niceville took numerous 

 males and one female at Ulwas in May, and Mr. Robert Ellis and Dr. Hutchison took numerous 

 specimens of both sexes in Pangi in June and July at altitudes of 9,000 feet and upwards. 

 Mr. A. G. Butler, in writing on Dr. Watts' collection (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 147), 

 notes that E. kalinda was taken " in pine forests in the Ravi basin up to 12,000 feet." 



233. EreTaia shallada, Lang. (Plate xv, fig. 42 $ ), 



E. shallada, Lang, Journ. A S. B., vol. xlix,pt. ii, p. 247 (1880). 

 Habitat : Western Himalayas. 

 Expanse : z'o to 23 inches. 



Description : Male : Upperside, both wings uniform dark velvety brown, with a 

 small diffused dark ferruginous patch within the middle of the exterior margin, and placed be- 

 tween the third and first median nervules in the forewing, but reaching the discoidal nervulein 

 the hindwing. Cilia whitish, marked with brown at the ends of the nervules. Foreiaing with a 

 subapical black ocellus having one prominent white pupil, and usually with no iris. Under- 

 side : Ffr^7£//;?^ dark ferruginous with brown margins, greyish at apex, the subapical ocellus 

 larger than on the upperside, black, with one, sometimes two, pupils, one central, the other 

 when present below it and much smaller; and a narrow yellowish iris. Hind-wing d^rV brown, 

 finely mottled with a lighter tint, with a submarginal row of eight white dots. The colour 

 and markings of the underside of the hindwing are almost identical in all the three Indian 

 s^&c\ts oi Erebia. " Female more rounded in outline than the male, especially the exterior 

 margin of the forewing. Upperside as in the male, but the brown ground-colour paler, the 

 ferruginous patches lighter and more diffused, the subapical ocellus larger, more distinct, and 

 with two white pupils, one central, the other below it, and smaller. Underside as in the 

 male. Foreioing with the ocellus larger and brighter coloured. Hindwing with a narrow 

 sinuous transverse discal band of brighter brown." (Lang in epis.) 



E. shallada is commoner, and extends to lower elevations than E. kalinda ; it is rather 

 larger, and the male broader winged ; it is darker and less brightly coloured, and approaches 

 the Callerebias in appearance, especially in the darker more uniform tone, and in the occasional 

 presence of a second white pupil in the ocellus. 



Colonel Lang notes that " it appears to be very local ; during three or four years collect- 

 ing in Kunawar I only twice met with it, taking only five specimens, once at 6,000, and again at 



