NYMPIIALID.E. SATYRIN.E. CALLEREBIA. 247 



Typical C. hybrUa is readily Jistinguishecl from C. annada l>y the shape of the forewing, 

 and generally also by the markings of the hindwing, though these latter are variable and 

 show gradations between the two species. There is no discernible difference in the 

 shape of the ocellus of the forewing on the iipperside (but the iris is less prominent), nnr in 

 the extent of the reddish patch on the underside; but on the underside of the hiitihv!n(f 

 the whilish irrorations are less distinct and much less prominently grouped into undulated 

 strite ; the transverse lines are almost always distinct, and the median line is more regularly 

 sinuate and subparallel with the outer margin ; the white submarginal spots are almost 

 always present ; the subanal ocelli are shaped and placed as in C. annada, but are almost 

 always distinctly pupilled with whitish. Two very remarkable specimens taken in Kulu by 

 Mr. A. Graham Young have the ocelli quite blind, and the markings altogether almost 

 exactly as in C. annada, but the shape of the wings shows conclusively that they belong to 

 this species, C. kybrida. 



C, hybrida is very common in the Western Himalayas throughout the outer ranges at 

 moderate elevations from May to September ; we have no specimens from further east than 

 Mussoorie, but it probably extends to Kumaon even if not still further eastwards. 



239. OallereTjia airmala, Moore. 



Erebia nirmala, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1S65, p. 501, n gi ; Culicrcbia intermedia and C. cashapa, 

 Moore, id., 1882, p. 236 ; C. scanda, var. c, Butler, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., third series, vol. x.k, p 217, 

 pi. iv, fig. 9 (1S67). 



Habitat : Western Himalayas. 



Expanse : 2*0 to 2*4 inches. 



Description : " Male : Upperside uniform dark brown. Fornoing with a subapical 

 black ocellus, having two white pupils and a dark ferruginous iris. Hindwing with a similar 

 but single-pupilled ocellus near the anal angle. Underside greyish brown, discal portion 

 of >;-«w«o- maroon-brown, ocelli of boik wings as above, but with the irides yellow ; a white 

 dot below the ocellus of the fornuing, and a discal series of four white dots anterior to the 

 ocellus of the hindzoing. Cilia brown." 



'' Remark.— AXW&d to E. scanda, Kollar, but differs in having a somewhat more elongated 

 forewing. On the underside it may be distinguished by the absence of the numerous white 

 striae on the hindwing, and by there being a single ocellus only near the anal angle." 

 {Moore, 1. c.) The female is similar to the male, but a little larger and paler. 



Var. intermedia, Moore. Habitat : Kangra district. Expanse : <?, 2-1 ; ? , 2-4 inches. 

 Description : " Intermediate between C, nirmala and C. cashapa. Upperside similar to 

 C. nirmala, with one ocellus only on each wing. Underside with two lower ocelli, a 

 third ocellus between the third median and discoidal nervules, and two small apical spots 

 above." {Moore, 1. c). 



Var. cashapa, ^QOx&. IIabitat ; Dharmsala, Mussoorie, Simla. Expanse: S'O to 2'2 

 inches. Description : " Allied to C nirmala. Male and female comparatively larger in 

 size. Upperside similar, but the hindwing h.7iS\.\\g three well-formed ocelli, the one between the 

 discoidal and third median nervules sometimes absent. Underside : Forewing less brightly 

 chestnut-coloured. Hindzuing with a complete series of ocelli, one between each pair of 

 nervules ; some specimens with three anterior and two posterior ocelli ; the upper one and 

 sometimes the lowest being minute." {Moore, 1. c). 



Typical C. nirmala most nearly resembles C. hybrida on the upperside, being almost 

 uniform dark brown throughout, but the ocelli are smaller and the irides fainter still ; it 

 is also as a rule a smaller insect. On the underside its aspect is very different, the forewing 

 is much more uniform in colour, and usually strongly tinged with maroon brown, the outer 

 zone of the ocellus very indistinct ; on the hindwing the greyish irrorations are very fine and 

 indistinct ; the transverse lines are indistinct or totally wanting, and the ocellus is quite 

 round, with a very distinct iris and outer ring. The variation in the ocelli is inadequately 

 represented in the varieties above described, as there are numerous gradations between each 



