270 NYMPHALID^. ELYMNIIN^. ELYMNIAS. 



median nervule. Hindiving slightly darker on the disc. Underside marked generally as 

 in the male, but with the ground-colour much darker (this is somewhat variable, being little 

 paler than above in some specimens, or more shaded with castaneous, in other specimens), 

 and with the subapical whitish fascia of the forewing above, more diffused towards the apex 

 beneath. The pale subcostal spot on the underside of the hindwing of the male is generally 

 absent in the female, though present in the typical form of the species contained in the British 

 Museum." 



•' The male form here described and figured was described by Mr. Hewitson under the 

 name of M. viehida, whilst the female form is the typical M. penafiga of Professor 

 Westwood. Mr. Hewitson appended to his description of il/. »;f/i/V/(J the remark : — "This 

 and M. penanga are very probably the sexes of one species." The form, however, which 

 he figured as M. peiianga was a closely allied but distinct Sumatran race, which Mr. Wallace 

 has very properly separated under a distinctive name \_E. siimatrana*\ The two forms, 

 however, are sufficiently similar to show that Hewitson exhibited acumen in making that 

 remark. Having found all the specimens I have examined to exhibit sexual constancy with 

 the different colouration, and as the undersides of the two forms are so very similar, I have 

 felt constrained to consider the descriptions of both Westwood and Hewitson as referring to 

 the sexes of one species, and Westwood's name has therefore priority. This race or species 

 appears to be confined to the Malay peninsula." {Dislant, 1. c). 



A single male specimen of E. penanga was taken by Capt. C. H. E. Adamson in Upper 

 Tenasserim in April, l88o; this is the only record of its occurrence beyond the limits of the 

 Malay peninsula. Capt. Adamson remarks that the comparatively great length of the fore- 

 wing is not noticed by Mr. Distant, though his figure does show a slightly pointed apex. We 

 have never seen a specimen of this butterfly, the even outer margin of the forewing without 

 dentations is a very marked feature. 



261. Elymnias caudata, Butler. 



E. caudata, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 520, n. 5, pi. xlii, fig. 4, male. 



Habitat : South India. 



Expanse : 3 '15 to 3"6o inches. 



Description : Male : Upperside, foreiving velvety purplish black, the basal area and 

 outer margin tinged with ferruginous brown ; an oblique subapical band divided by the dark 

 nervules, and three submarginal spots, one below each median nervule, white, irrorated at the 

 edges with lilac. Hindwing ferruginous-brown, darkest at the base, a broad fulvous band on 

 the outer half, and the margin beyond broadly brown ; this colour extending up the nervules, 

 widest towards the margin. Underside chestnut-brown, covered with darker chestnut coarse 

 confluent strire. Forrwing with pure white and greyish partly confluent striae disposed in 

 a triangular apical patch, and an irregular submarginal band. Hindiving with a broad band on 

 the outer half of similar partly confluent white and greyish striae, corresponding with the fulvous 

 band on the upperside, but reaching both costal and inner margins ; occasionally a few greyish 

 striae on the basal half ; but the silvery whitish subcostal spot so prominent in E. undularis 

 and other species is wanting. Female as in E. undularis, female, but the foreiving with 

 the subapical white band broader. Hindwing with the nervules broadly defined with brown, 

 the fulvous patch extending in streaks between them much nearer to the margin, and coalescing 

 with the whitish submarginal spots, which are obsolete, tinted with fulvous and merged 



* Elymnias sumatrana, Wallace. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., i86f), p. 325, n. 10; Melanitis f-enang/i, 

 Hewitson, Ex. Kutt , vol. iii, pi Melavitis, figs, i, 4 (1863), female) H'BITat: Sumatra Exi'ANSS : 

 3'i inches. Drscription : " Femai E, tn'i'KKsiDK, ho(h wings dark brown, blue-green from the base to the 

 middle. Foreiving crossed near the apex by a broad band of white. Hindtuiiig with a large white spot 

 beyond the middle. Underside with the basal half red-brown ; the outer half grey, undulated throughout 

 with brown. Forewing v/'nh ».\:>rge white triangular spot on the costal margin from its middle to the apex. 

 Hindivin^viMh an indistinct pale spot near the base." (Hewitson, I. c ) 



"This species is remarkably like M. fenan^a, but hs the conspicuous golden-yellow spot on the costal 

 margin of the underside of the hindwing is entirely absent, and as it also differs in the white patch on the 

 upperside of the hindwing, and in its somewhat more angular outline, I feel compelled to separate it." 

 (Wallace, I. c.) 



