— 292 — 
will be somewhat disappointing unless the practice be carried on 
over a wide area. 
It was hoped that the experiment of dressing various batches of 
Cattle, some on the back and others on the legs, would have indi- 
cated on what part of the body eggs are habitually laid, but, as 
has been already stated, the dressings were useless wherever 
applied. During one summer (1905), however, four Calves were 
kept covered with cotton cloth on the back and sides, and the 
limbs of four others were protected by leather trousers. There was 
great difficulty in keeping the latter garments in place, and the pro- 
tection was consequently imperfect. Nevertheless the former batch 
had 40 warbles the next spring, an average of 10 per beast, while 
the latter had 14, an average of only 3.5 per beast. This confirms the 
modern view that the female Warble-Fly lays her eggs on the limbs 
of Cattle more frequently than on their backs, and observations in 
the field supported the result of the experiment. 
It is well known that while it was formerly believed that the 
maggots of HHypoderma bore directly through the skin, students 
of the life-history during the last twenty years have inclined more 
and more to the conclusion that the eggs or young maggots are 
licked into the mouth and that the latter, after wandering for 
several months in the wall of the gullet, muscular tissue, vertebral 
canal and elsewhere, come finally to their position beneath the skin 
of the back. I had no difficulty in finding young maggots in the 
submucous coat of the gullets of slaughtered bullocks from August 
till December. In order to test the mode of entrance, a number of 
muzzled Calves were turned out among those grazing in the fields, 
and at feeding-time these animals had their necks tied between 
stakes and their fore-limbs protected with leggings or aprons, so 
that it was believed to be impossible for them to lick themselves. 
For three years there were as many, or almost as many warbles on 
the Animals that had been muzzled as on the other Cattle, and it 
was thought that the experiment supported the older view that the 
maggots gain entrance through the skin, though they must wander 
subsequently through the tissues even as far as the gullet-wall. But 
in 1909 an additional precaution was taken by arranging a wire 
cage-muzzle around the leather one, so that all chance of eggs 
or maggots being sucked in through the breathing holes was 
obviated (pl. XIX, fig. 1). The five Animals treated in this way 
had on the average only 2 warbles each in the spring of this 
