year (1), while the fifteen « control » Animals, that had been grazed 
in the same field, had an average of 6.33. From this result one may 
conclude that the normal mode of entrance is by the mouth. 
2. The Reindeer Warble=Fly. 
(Edemagena tarandi (Linn.). 
The arrival at the Dublin Zoological Gardens in April, 1910 of a 
young male Reindeer badly infested with warble-maggots, afforded 
an opportunity, not often granted to a naturalist in the more tem- 
perate countries of Europe, of studying some stages in the life- 
history of Œdemagena tarandi, whose attacks on Reindeer in 
Lapland were long ago described graphically by LINNE (2), and 
whose structure was elucidated and figured in the classical mono- 
graph of BRAUER (3). 
No less than 104 maggots of G@demagena were taken from the 
back of the Reindeer above-mentioned, and the Animal was, conse- 
quently, in very bad condition. Some three dozen of these maggots 
came into my possession during the month of May, all being in 
the final larval stage. One of these, squeezed out from the Animal's 
back on May roth, formed a normal puparium a few days later, 
and on June 22nd a female Fly in beautiful condition emerged. 
This was an agreeable surprise, as, notwithstanding repeated 
attempts, I have never been able to rear Flies from squeezed 
out larva of /Zyfoderma. 
As regards the external form of the larva, I can add but little to 
BRAUER’s description. A few points of detail respecting the spiny 
armature, and the mouth hooks with their supporting sclerites have 
already been published (4), together with some notes on the 
structure, of the terminal abdominal segments that form the pro- 
trusible ovipositor of the adult female. From the abdomen of the 
female specimen reared, I extracted a number of eggs, and these all 

(1) 1910. 
(2: Quoted by Bracy CLARK « An Essay of the Bots of Horses and other 
Animals. London, 1815, pp. 54-59. 
(3) F. BRAGER, « Monographie der (Estriden ». Wien, 1863, pp. 133-134, 
pl. VIII, fig. 4,8. 
(4) Fourn. Economic Biology, vol. V, 1910. 
