= 390 = 
In our case the Planemas are the models and the Pseudacraas the 
mimics. If it is true that the Planemas are protected in some 
measure by inherent qualities, it can also not be denied that the 
Pseudacræas would profit to some extent by the resemblance they 
bear to them. All turns on the question whether the models are 
protected, a point which can only be solved by observation of live 
specimens and their natural enemies. 
However, a pattern more or less similar to that of our two pairs 
of species of Pseudacrea and Planema occurs also elsewhere, e. g. 
among American Butterflies in Adelpha and Apatura.The oblique 
white band of the forewing found in the females of two of the spe- 
cies we are dealing with are of frequent occurrence in Africa, India 
and America, but a combination of this band with a white central 
band on the hindwing is rare. If such similar markings appear also 
elsewhere, however rarely, 1t becomes plausible that the two Pseu- 
dacræas may have acquired their similar pattern independently of 
the Planemas. Itis therefore clear that the great similarity between 
the two Planemas and the two Pseudacræas is not conclusive 
evidence as to which theory offers the correct explanation of the 
resemblance. 
Now let us consider homotrope resemblance between two poly- 
morphic species. I have selected Planema epwa and Elymnias 
phegea from the Cameroons-Congo district. The specimens repre- 
sent neither various geographical nor seasonal varieties. Several 
authors consider the tawny Elymnias (pl. XXI, fig. 54) and the 
white one (pl. XXI, fig. 9a) to be two distinct species. However, a 
careful examination of a long series of specimens, including many 
different grades of intermediates, leaves no doubt whatever that 
all these differently coloured Elymnias are one single species. The 
agreement between the Planema and Elymnias is less close than 
between the Planemas and Pseudacreeas figured (pl. XXI, fig. 1-4, 
1a-4a); especially the intermediates are no very good counterparts. 
Now, both species have this in common that the first and the 
fourth figures (pl. XXI, fig. 5, 54 and 8, 8a) of each species 
represent in the Gaboon the usual forms. But there is this great 
difference between the two Insects : In Planema epwa, the 
« model », the male is always tawny in the Gaboon district, only 
the female appearing in several forms. None of the females are like 
the male, although the first and second female (pl. XXI, fig. 6 
and 7) approach the male inasmuch as the light colour of the 
