The sweeping statements in systematics here brought forward 
must necessarily arouse a certain amount of scepticism. My 
conclusions as to the systematics of the Insects dealt with are 
after all based only on the study of dry cabinet-specimens. It is 
therefore very natural to postulate for corroborative evidence from 
direct observation of the live Insects. The Butterflies must be bred 
before we have actual proof of the correctness of my contentions, 
and it is to be hoped that, now attention has been drawn to the 
great importance of the matter for classification as well as theory, 
residents in tropical countries will devote some energy to the 
life-history of « mimetic » species. Fortunately, we are not entirely 
without such evidence. 
We have above mentioned the polymorphism of the Brazilian 
Papilio lysithous. Three of the forms of that species have been 
proved by breeding to belong together (pl. XXIV, fig. 31a, 324 
and 334). It is not surprising that they are individual forms of one 
species, since intermediates are known, although we have not seen 
every gradation from f. Zysithous to f. rurik (pl. XXIV, fig. 31a 
and 320). The three « models » are Aristolochia-Papilios of the 
same district, and are distinct species. 
The second case, an African Nymphalid, is equally instructive. 
The four specimens represented by the figures are two species of 
Amauris (pl. XXIII, fig. 34 and 35) and the two individual 
forms of //ypolimnas anthedon wahlbergi, namely f. wahlbergi 
(pl. XXIII, fig. 354) and f. mima (pl. XXIII, fig. 340) all from 
Natal. The similarity between the Amauris (the models) and the 
Hypolimnas (the mimics) is very close, and the difference between 
the two Hypolimnas no less astonishing. As in P. lysithous each 
form appears in both sexes; the difference being neither sexual, 
nor seasonal, nor geographical. No intergradations are known 
between f. wahlbergi and f. mima, and the Insects have always 
been considered distinct species until both forms were bred from 
the same female. However, if we study /Zypolimnas anthedon 
throughout its range, we find that the two West African forms 
which correspond to f. mima and f. wahlbergi are connected by 
a very rare /Zypolimnas, which STAUDINGER described as 7. 
demona and which AURIVILLIUS treated with «?» as a hybrid. 
This supposed hybrid of the supposed two distinct species is the 
intermediate, which is missing in the Natal forms. 
The intermediate demona appears to be exceedingly rare, which 
