attitude is, we can only get glimpses of it, but the attitude is a real 
factor that is all important in practice. Where money is really 
concerned, where one can absolutely show that money can be 
saved, the scruples disappear and the necessity of obtaining daily 
bread induces the cultivator to adopt a remedy; but it must reach 
that point, and the very idea of constantly and always checking 
crop pests or trying to understand them is absolutely foreign to 
the minds of the agricultural classes in India. 
GOVERNMENT. — In India, Government exerts an influence and 
takes care of minute things in a way scarcely known elsewhere, and 
seeing that itis as a section of Government that an Agricultural 
Department comes in to benefit agriculture, we must be clear as to 
the means which Government has at its disposal. The system in 
India is an extraordinary one, in great measure taken over by the 
British from previous native rulers; roughly speaking, the Govern- 
ment is primarily a revenue-collecting body; in each village is one 
or more officials, one concerned with the general management of 
village affairs, another with the revenue payable on each little bit 
of land, and so on; over a group of villages is another official, 
who in turn reports to a higher official controlling groups of these 
groups, and he reports to an officer in charge of a subdivision; 
two, three or more subdivisions constitute a district in charge of 
a single official (the collector), usually an Englishman, who is 
responsible to the Government for everything concerning the 
welfare of his district. In one village let us say the crop of rice is 
suffering from a pest;the village official reports it, as it is an all 
important thing to them to get the revenue remitted on that crop, 
and the report goes up through the other officials to the collector, 
who calls upon the Agricultural Department to advise, or to check 
the pest. If the attack is not limited to one village, but is wide 
spread, then notice comes quickly. In ordinary cases nothing more 
follows; the information is recorded for future guidance; perhaps 
a man is sent to investigate. If it is a bigger attack, then measures 
are taken, if possible; the case is thoroughly investigated; pre- 
cautions, if possible, are suggested and the head of the district sets 
in motion the machinery and from official to official goes down the 
order to do so and so, until it reaches and is discussed in every little 
village. In the Bollworm campaign in the Punjab, instructions were 
sent down to cut down and burn all cotton-plants during the winter 
so as to leave none to harbour the pest, this was done in thousands 
