2 LYCAINID/AE. 
on the twelfth when present consisting of two more or less brush-like protrusible tentacles, 
the use of which is uncertain]. Pupa, short, thick, obtuse at each end ; [usually] attached 
by the tail, and girt by a silk thread across the middle of the body ;” [sometimes suspended 
by the tail only and hanging quite free as in the family Nymphalide and most of the genera 
of the family Zemoniide ; sometimes the pupa is quite unattached and lies on the surface of 
the ground, or forms a weak cocoon just below the surface ; very rarely the pupa is almost free 
and assumes a more or less upright position amongst the stems of its food-plant, spinning a 
few threads to secure it in position. The pupa is usually naked, sometimes covered with short 
hairs, of bristles ; sometimes it has bunches of very long hairs, especially on the abdominal 
region.] (Westwood, 1. c. in Gen. Diurn. Lep.) 
From the preceding diagnosis it will be seen that the organs of primary importance in 
separating the Zycenide from the other families of the Rhopalocera are the forelegs.* The 
differences in these organs are however correlated with those in other structural details, and 
amongst these the venation of the wings naturally invites study, as offering important 
points of difference among genera and species in all Lepidopterous groups. Here it will be 
seen that, while the subcostal nervure of the hindwing resembles that of all the Mymphalide 
and the Zidythzine, and two species of the genus Dodona of the Nemzobiine. in giving off its 
first branch (or first subcostal nervule) before the apex of the discoidal cell, the corresponding 
nervure in the forewing differs in nearly all the genera of the Zycenide from those of the preceding 
families in having less than four branches or subcostal nervules. There are three aberrant genera 
occurring within the strict geographical limits of this work—Zarona, mihi, Dacalana, Moore, 
and Lifhyra, Westwood—and one in the Malay Peninsula—Deramas, Distant—which 
resemble the MNymfhalide and Lemoniide in having four subcostal nervules to the 
forewing (exclusive of the terminal portion of the subcostal nervure often called an additional 
subcostal nervule) ; and in three other strictly Indian genera—A mblypodia, Horsfield, Zraota, 
Moore, and Zesivs, Hiibner,—and one Malayan genus—Meocheritra, Distant, —the males have 
four subcostal nervules, while the females have only three. These variations, however, in the 
number and arrangement of the subcostal nervules of the forewing do not by themselves serve 
(as will be shown further on) for defining natural groups in further subdividing the family, 
though in conjunction with other features they are useful in classification. The Zycenidec 
difter from the Nymphalide and Lemoniide in having no upper disco-cellular nervule to the 
forewing ; the middle disco-cellular nervule always arises either from the point where the 
upper discoidal nervule is given off from the subcostal nervure or from the latter vein itself a 
little beyond its base: the family is also aberrant in lacking entirely the praecostal nervure of 
the hindwing, which is always found in the previous families, 
A very curious structural feature occurs in both sexes of all species of six genera, and in one 
species of one genus, in that the upper discoidal nervule of the forewing is given off from the 
subcostal nervure Jeyond the apex of the discoidal cell, the like of which occurs in no 
genus of the families treated hitherto in this work. These genera are as follows :— Gerydus, 
Boisduval ; Paragerydus, Distant ; Logania, Distant ; Poritia, Moore, one species ; Zephyrus, 
Dalman; Euaspa, Moore; and Lifhyra, Westwood. Mr. Scudder shews that this abnormal 
neural character occurs in one North American species of Lycenide, the Feniseca targuinius 
of Fabricius, as I learn from pl. xxxix, fig. 24, of his ‘* Butterflies of the Eastern United 
States and Canada.” Mr. W. H, Edwards—erroneously, I think, as it does not appear to 
* It will be noted that the Gerydus group is abnormal in respect to its legs. It may also be observed that 
Mr. Roland ‘Trimen states that three genera of South African butterflies—Deloneura, Trimen ; Arrugia 
Wallengren ; and Lachnocnema, Trimen—have completely articulated and clawed fore-tarsi in the male; and 
that in the Indian genus Zavaka, Doherty, MS., the fore-tarsi of both sexes are without articulations, and 
have the claws basally united. Of Deloneura, Mr. Trimen writes that it is unique amongst butterflies, in that 
it has no middle disco-cellular nervule to the forewing, the upper and lower discoidal nervules having a common 
origin. This very curious feature is also found in the Indian genus /raota, Moore. The genus Lachnocnema 
is, perhaps, equally aberrant in another way, as the legs (femora, and, especially, the tibia,) are clothed with 
‘very long extremely dense woolly hair, hiding basal part of tarsi.” 
