LYC-ENIDA, 3 
possess a precostal nervure to the hindwing, a distinguishing character in the family Zemo- 
ntide, and has also the subcostal nervure of the hindwing branching Jefore the apex of the 
discoidal cell--considers this butterfly to belong to the subfamily Memeodiine. 
If the subcostal nervules of the forewing be used for the division of this family into 
primary groups, four such divisions may be formed : (1) the first with two : (2) the second 
with three; (3) the third with three in the female and four in the male : (4) the fourth with 
four in both sexes. This arrangement, although it would seem at first sight to be natural, as 
based on structural characters, which in many cases appear to be of real value in forming 
natural groups, is found in this family to separate some obviously closely allied genera, and to 
bring together others which do not seem to have natural affinities to one another. It may, 
however, be of some interest and use to tabulate the groups which would be formed under 
this system :— 
(1) (2) (a)ras (4) 
Neolyczena,. Gerydus- Acesina. Amblypodia. Zarona. 
Thecla. Paragerydus, Mahathala. Traota. Dacalana, 
Thamala. Allotinus. Curetis. Zesius. Liphyra, 
Hypolycena. Logania, Zephyrus. 3 3 
Chliiaria Poritia, Euaspa. 
Zeltus Pseudodipsas. Chztoprocta. 
Rathinda. Pithecops. Chrysophanus. 
Horaga Neopithecops. lerda 
Catapeecilma. Spalgis. Arrhenothrix. 
Drupadia. ‘Taraka. Camena 
Eooxylides, Megisba. Maneca. 
Yasoda Lycena. Mota. 
12 Chilades. Aphnezus. 
Cyaniris. Tajuria. 
Zizera. Suasa. 
Azanus. Charana. 
Orthomilla. Cheritrella. 
Lycenesthes. Neomyrina, 
N iphanda, ‘Licherra. 
Talicada, Cheritra. 
Everes. Biduauda, 
Nacaduba. Loxura, 
Jamides. Drina. 
Lampides. Lehera, 
Catochrysops. Araotes. 
Tarucus, Deudorix. 
Castalius. Zinaspa. 
Polyommatus. Hysudra, 
Surendra. Rapala. 
Apporasa. Bindahara. 
Thaduka. Virachola, 
Arhopala. Sinthusa 
64 
From the ahove list it will at once be seen that the separation of the Mymphalide 
and Lemoniide, with their four-branched subcostal nervure, from the Lycenide, as possessed 
of less than four subcostal nervules, holds good generally ; in eighty-two Indian genera 
only six genera forming exceptions. ‘These six genera, however, are manifestly aberrant, 
five of them being slightly abnormal offshoots of normal Lycznid groups, while the 
sixth, Zifhyra, is altogether peculiar, and scarcely finds a suitable location in this 
family of small and delicate insects. from which it is separated by its comparatively large 
size, robust and short body, stout antenne, and thick and moth-like texture of wing with large 
loosely-attached scales, I may add that I have devoted especial and careful study to the 
neuration of the wings of this family, and have tested the diagnoses of all its genera by 
microscopic examination of bleached and mounted specimens of the wings of both sexes 
of one or more species in each genus whenever procurable, often sacrificing unique speci- 
mens in my collection for this purpose. All variations in neuration have been utilized in 
discriminating genera, species, and sexes, and in constructing the “key,” but, as already ob- 
served, the differences in neuration, though considerable and numerous, do not offer characters 
which are universally and constantly applicable for primary divisions, and they are conse- 
quently of only secondary value in the classification in this family. 
After the veins, it is probable that the caudate appendages or “tails” with which so 
many of the Zycenide are furnished are the next most important structural characters to 
