LYC/ENID. 5 
short rounded hindwings without tails; the Poritia group has rather produced hindwings 
and no tails, the species being often very brilliantly coloured on the upperside of the male ; 
the tailless “Biues” or ZLycena group have short hindwings, of which the outer margin 
and anal angle are entire and smoothly rounded ; the tailed ‘* Blues” or Polyommatus group 
differ only in the possession of a short and delicate filamentous tail at the end of the first 
median nervule ; the 4mélyfodia group presents a more or less elongated form of hindwing 
with some variety in the shape and caudation ; the 7Zhec/a group has also elongated hind- 
wings, often considerably produced posteriorly and showing a tendency to a lobe, in 
addition to their one or two tails, this group being the largest, and containing a very 
heterogeneous collection of genera; the A/yrina group differs from the proceeding in having 
two very long ciliated tails with a well-formed and lobe ; the Horaga group is a small coterie 
of genera with hindwings shaped much as in the last, but provided with three short tails ; the 
Loxura group contains only two genera, which have a greatly produced hindwing ending in a very 
long tail curled at the end; the Deudorix group has a produced and elongated hindwing, 
usually with a well-formed anal lobe, and one tail, which is very variable in length, many of the 
genera being further noticeable for possessing in the males, on the upperside of the hindwing 
below the costa, a curious impressed scale-shaped or ‘* blister-like” sexual mark. The genus 
Liphyra stands distinctly apart in almost every character from the rest of the family. 
The secondary sexual characters (often called ‘“sex-marks,” ‘ scent-organs,” ‘males 
marks,” &c.), which are found in many different positions and of very variable structure 
and nature on the wings of male butterflies of the Zy-@nide, are of high interest, and have 
been carefully noted by me in the diagnoses of the genera which follow. Dr. Erich Haase 
has devoted considerable attention to ‘‘ The Scent Apparatus of Indo-Australian Butterflies,” 
and in Iris, vol. i. p. 316, e¢ seg., gives a description of some of these structures as occurring 
in the Zycenide. The androconia or “ battle-door scales,’ which are found scattered 
amongst the ordinary scales on the wings of male butterflies, require to be carefully searched 
for and to be examined under a microscope. These I have not studied, but they doubtless 
occur in a very large proportion of the species. The secondary sexual characters to which 
I more particularly refer are considerable patches of scales which are quite differently formed 
from those of the rest of the wing, and tufts of long hairs which are placed in very diverse 
positions, both of which can be easily seen with the naked eye. I refer the reader to detailed 
descriptions of these in their proper place, and I give below a list of the Indian genera of 
Lycenide in which they are found :— 
On the forewing only. On the hindwing only. On both wings. 
Iraota. Poritia. Dacalana 
Thecla, Maneca. Arrhenothrix, 
Thamala. Cheritra. Camena. 
Hypolyczna. Biduanda. Drupadia. 
Horaga (some). Yasoda. Rapala 
Eooxylides. Hysudra, Bindahara. 
Virachola. 
Sinthusa. 
These genera may again be arranged with reference to the structure of these secondary 
sexual characters, also as to the genera possessing one or both characters, thus :— 
With peculiarly-formed scales only. With long tufts or pencils of hairs With both patches of scales and 
Thecla. only. tufts of hairs, 
Maneca. Poritia. Dacalana. 
Thamala. Traota. Arrhenothrix. 
Hypolycena. Cheritra. Camena. 
Horaga (some). Rapala. 
Biduanda. Virachola. 
Drupadia. Sinthura, 
Eooxylides. 
Yasoda. 
Hysudra. 
Eindahara. 
The other more important organs, such as eyes, antennz, palpi, &c., though varying 
to some extent in the several genera of this family, do not offer striking characters for 
classification or for special notice, though they will be referred to in the diagnoses of the 
