LYCANID. g 
Whether this is the case or not with regard to the somewhat similar organs in the Lycenide 
is unknown to the writer, Mr. Doherty calls them “ scent-glands.” 
The pupz of the Zycenide are usually attached by the cremaster, (which forms the 
terminal portion of the pupa, and is furnished with minute hooks for attachment to 
the pad of silk previously spun for that purpose by the larva), and bya silken girth 
round the middle of the body to whatever surface the larvae choose on which to perform 
their transformation. Though this is the general rule, there appear to be many exceptions. 
Mr. Moore, in his “Lepidoptera of Ceylon,’ shows the pupze of Sfalgis epius, Westwood, 
and of Tajuria longinus, Fabricius, freely suspended by the tail, which is the position assumed 
usually in the families Zemontiae and Nymphalide. This is also the position assumed by an 
Assamese species of Poritia, a pupa-skin of which Mr. W. Doherty has recently shown me.* 
The anal segments in this pupa are strongly curved, so that the main axis of the pupa is 
parallel to that of the leaf to which it is attached, and the pupa is not girt by a silken 
band. Mr. Trimen notes the same thing, remarking that the pupe of some Lycenide are 
“attached by the tail only in a fixed horizontal or slightly inclined position,’ Still further,. 
as I gather from the late Mr. William Buckler’s work on “ The Larvze of the British Butter- 
flies and Moths,” certain pupz of British Blues and Hairstreaks in confinement are quite 
free, and are not even suspended by the tail. Mr. Buckler notes of the pupa of “ Polyommatus” 
asus: ‘* Neither suspended by the tail nor had it any silken cincture ;”’ presumably it changed 
from a larva toa pupa on the surface of the ground. This would not be improbable, as 
Mr. Buckler’s specimens remained in the larval state from the middle of one June till the 
beginning of the following June, the pupal state lasting some two or three weeks. If the facts 
are as recorded, the transformations of this species are, as Mr. Hellins remarks, “ very re- 
markable.”” The larvae of “ Polyommatus” adonis, P. egon, P. agestis (medon), var. artaxerxes, 
and “ Zhecla” guercus are said by Mr. Buckler to form a more or less weak cocoon, or to 
spin a few threads between the stems of their food-plants, amongst which they change to 
pupz, and to be slightly attached by the tail or to be entirely free. Mr. Trimen also notes 
that the pup of some Zycenide are hidden in the ground. This is certainly true in the 
case of some Indian species, the larvze of which are attended by ants, as the latter drive the 
larvze into their (the ants’) nests, where they turn to pupe in the usual way, being attached 
to the trunk of the tree by the tail and a girdle, the ants having constructed a temporary nest 
around the base of the tree. 
There is a very great uniformity in the shape of the pupe of the Zycenide ; they 
seem never to be furnished with spines or processes, though they are often densely 
covered with short hairs or bristles, and Mr. Trimen (South-African Butterflies, vol. i, 
pl. ii, figs. 2, 2a) figures the pupze of a very aberrant species, D’Urbania amcekosa, Trimen, 
as having its posterior end especially most densely covered with very long hairs, giving the pupa 
a most singular appearance. This also is the casein one Indian species of Porttia, a pupa 
case of which I haveseen. The pupz are usually very blunt and much rounded anteriorly, 
the thorax rounded and often humped; behind this the body is somewhat constricted, the 
abdomen being convex and ending in a more or less blunt point. The posterior surface is 
especially flattened, being strongly appressed to whatever object (usuaily a leaf) on which 
the insect performs its transformation. The pupz are generally dull-coloured, of various 
shades of red or brown; some are green; and I know of none that are brilliantly coloured 
or furnished with golden spots as in so many of the Mymphaline. The pupa of Curetis is as 
i 
* This apparently unnatural position, as it seems to defy gravity, is assumed also by the pupeze of the 
menus Crrrhochroa, Doubleday, of the subfamily Vymphaline ; one species, C. cognata, Moore, isso figured in the 
** Lepidoptera of Ceylon,”’ and I possess a pupa shell of another species, C. aox7s, Doubleday and Hewitson, from 
Sikkim, both of which exhibit this peculiarity very markedly. Mr. Scudder says, that, in the case of Cirrhochrea, and; 
to a certain extent Chlor7pfe, Doubleday, *‘ the pad of silk is so tightly woven to the surface upon which it is 
spun, and the cremastral hooks of the chrysalis are spread over so long a surface that the chrysalis, instead of 
hanging freely, lies with its ventral surface in close proximity to the surface of rest.’’ (Butt. of East. United 
States, p. 112.) In South Africa, Mr. Trimen says that two genera, Jo/aus, Hiibner, and Myrna, Fabricius, 
/® have the pup attached by the tail only, horizontally usually on the underside of a leaf, or to a twig. ; 
°o 
