128 LYCASNIDAE. LYCNESTHES, 
Indian genera in having three very fine ciliated tails tothe hindwing. These tails are very 
short, the one from the termination of the first median nervule rather longer than the ones on 
each side of it, and they are composed of a slight bundle or fascicle of long hair-like scales, or 
cilia, which are very easily broken off; in most cabinet specimens they have entirely disappeared. 
In the males the coloration of the upperside is shining purple with a very narrow outer black 
margin ; on the underside they are pale brown, marked very similarly to Macaduba, Jamides, and 
allied genera ; there is a white line on either side of the disco-cellular nervules, a catenulated 
discal band, two more or less distinct whitish marginal fascie, with, in the hindwing, some 
additional basal bands, often a black spot on the costa near the base, one on the middle of the 
abdominal margin, and a third near the margin in the first median interspace crowned with 
orange, The females are dull black on the upperside, with the base of the wings more or 
less blue,and a submarginal series of black spots to the hindwing. 
As far as I am able to judge, the genus Zycenesthes contains but two good species 
occurring in India,—Z. emolus, Godart, which has an immense range, occurring in north- 
eastern India, thence southwards to Orissa and Ganjam, in the Andaman Isles, from Assam 
through Burma to the Malay Peninsula, in Borneo and Amboina, and doubtless many other 
islands in the Malay Archipelago, and again in Northern Australia. The second species, Z. 
lycenina, Felder, has, so far as is known, a more restricted range. It also occurs in many 
parts of India, in Ceylon, Assam, the Malay Penirfsula, and in Borneo. These two species 
can be distinguished in the males by their different outline, Z. emols being a much more 
rounded insect than Z. dycenina ; the latter has the apex of the forewing, and especially the 
anal angle of the hindwing, much more acute than the former ; the hindwing is also narrower, 
the outer margin less rounded, more oblique. The markings of the underside in Z. lycenind 
are usually more prominent, and the tails more conspicuous, but these are not reliable guides 
for specific discrimination, though one has to rely on them to distinguish the females ; as far 
as I know there is no other distinctive character, except the presence of the subbasal 
costal spot on the underside of the hindwing in Z. dycenina, which may however occa- 
sionally be absent, as it always is in Z. ewolus, Of the other described species, Z. lycambes, 
Hewitson, from ‘‘ North India” is almost certainly synonymous with Z. lycenina; and 
L. orissica, Moore, is nothing but an occasional variation of the same species. Mr. Hewit- 
son enumerates as many as twenty-nine species as belonging to this genus, mostly from 
Africa, but a few from the Malay Archipelago. Mr. Trimen gives six species as occurring 
in South Africa (South-African Butterflies, vol, ii, p. 93). The Indian species have a very 
quick flight, settling frequently on the leaves of trees and bushes; the males are fond of 
sucking up moisture in damp places. 
An account of the transformation of Z. emolus, Godart, will be found under the 
description of that species, 
Key to the Indian species of Lycconesthes. 
A. Male with apex of forewing and anal angle of hindwing rounded. 
quit. L. Emotus, India, Andamans, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, 
Amboina, North Australia. 
B. Male with apex of forewing and anal angle of hindwing acute. 
7iz. L. LycaNINA, India, Ceylon, Assam, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, 
713. L. LycAmBEs, North India, 
711. Lycanosthes emolus, Godart. 
Polyommatus emolus, Godart, Enc. Méth,, vol. ix, p. 656, n- 133 (1823) ; Lycena emolus, nec Gerstaecker, 
Decken’s Reisen, vol. iii, pt. 2, p. 373, n- 26, pl. xv, fig. 4 (1873), mec Trimen, Rhop. Afr. Austr., pt. ii, p. 
234,n. 136, pl iv, figs. 8,9 (1866); Lampides balliston, Hiibner, Zutr. Ex, Schmett., figs. 229, 230, male 
(1823); Lycenesthes balliston, Semper, Journ. Mus. Godef., vol. xiv, p. 165, n. 87 (1879); Difsas lycenoidess 
Felder, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wein, Math.-Nat. Cl., vol. xl, p, 454, mn. 21 (1860);? Pseudodipsas lycenoides, id., 
Reise Novara, Lep., vol. ii, p. 258, n. 305, pl. xxx, fig. 25, male (1865);? Lycenesthes lycenoides, Hewitson, 
Ill. Diurn. Lep., p. 219, n. 1, pl. xcli, fig. 39, female (1878) ; ZL. dengalensis, Moore, Proc Zool. Soc, Lond., 
1865, p. 773, pl. xli, fig. 9, male; id., Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 458, n, 2, pl. xliv, fig. 9, male (1886), 
