228 LYCAINIDA. ARHOPALA. 
alike, they are usually of some shade of grey or brown, wifh nunierous darker spots and cate- 
nulated bandss Many species have patches of metallic green or blue scales at the anal angle 
of the hindwing. Secondary sexual characters in the male are entirely absent, unless the 
differently-shaded round patch of scales on the upperside of the forewing in 4, atosia, 
Hewitson, and A. antimuta, Felder, can be so considered. 
About one hundred species of Arhofala have been described up to date, most of which are 
strictly Oriental, and occur in India, Ceylon, the Andaman Isles, Burma, the Malay penin- 
sula, and throughout the Malay archipelago s some species are found in China and Japan, and one 
or two have been recorded from Northern Australia, Mr. Distant* refers to the great variation 
which he has found to exist in the markings of the underside of the wings of species of this 
genus. As far as my experience of the Indian species goes, I have not found this variation of any 
very great extent, or of such a character as to render the identification of species difficult. The 
opposite may be the case, however, witli the species occurring in the Malay Peninsula. He also 
remarks that “the shade of blue on the upperside is often so different as to lead to only 
two conclusions, viz., either that we are dealing with the most closely allied species, or with 
seasonal forms of one species.” With regard to the last remark, I have not noticed that seasonal 
variation occurs within strict Indian limits, nor have I found that the shade of blue is given to 
much variation. It is also said to be difficult in some instances to identify the species Mr. 
Hewitson described, the type specimens not agreeing with his figwres and descriptions. As Mr. 
Hewitson, I believe, never placed a type ticket o# his type specimens, but only the name of the 
species under his series of specimens of it, and not improbably may have substituted different 
and better specimens for those he originally described, if these were not in good condition, it 
appears to me that when specimens have been obtained which agree better with his plates and 
descriptions than with the specimens standing under those names in his collection (which may 
indeed represent totally distinct species), they should be named in accordance with the 
plates and descriptions, and not in accordance with the specimens against which the names stand 
in his collection. Even in the case of types which have been properly labelled, the tickets may 
be changed or lost, so that when a species can be named with certainty from figures and 
descriptions, the type specimens may be ignored, 
I think Iam correct in saying that all Aropalas are given to haunting trees and bushes, 
and, broadly speaking, are forest butterflies. The males, I believe, seldom or never go down 
to the beds of mountain streams to suck up moisture, nor are they ever found on flowers. They 
do not fly much either, so almost the only way to catch them isto beat the bushes and lower 
branches of the trees, and catch then as they fly up or watch where they settle. They have 
a rather quick flight, but usually fly but for a short distance even when disturbed. Many species 
seem to be very common where they occur ; others again appear to be very rare. Owing to 
their skulking habits, and to the consequent difficulty in collecting them, many new species 
doubtless yet remain to be discovered. 
I give below as foot-notest the original diagnoses of the several genera proposed by Mr, 
Moore for species which I include under Arhofala. 
In non-protected butterflies the green is confined to the upperside, and is 
In the Lycenide it ts found in many Zefhyri, in some Poritias a 
in Lamfpides marakata, Doherty, a rare butterfly I discovered in the Malay Peninsula, and named after 
its emerald tint above. Among all these whenever the female is xnown, it is blue, orange Black, violet, or any 
other colour but green. The conservative and, in butterflies, unadorned sex, has not yet acquired the latest- 
development in colours. It is also remarkable that the green colours seem to occur where the genus is most 
dominant. ‘The Malay Peninsula and Borneo form the great centre of development of the genera Arhopala 
and Lampides, it is there that most of the green species occur. The outlying Arhopalas, those of the North- 
West Himalayas and the Timorian Islands, are all blue. In Zephyrus the green species are found only where 
the genus is best represented and most vigorous. Zephyrus pave, de Nicéville, a species found in the Bhutan 
and Assam hill-ranges, remote from the regular habitat of the genus, 
‘ I has, I discovered the male blue and greatl 
resembling the allied females from the Western Himalayas. The green and orange Ornithopteras also oooh Oki 
in the heart of the Ornithoptera tegion. ‘Yhese remarks on green butterflies also apply in some degree to 
certain other xxxsual colours of great brilliancy, such as the shining coppery-gold of Z/ervda brahma, Moore, 
and the fiery red of Thamala marciana, Hewitson. It ought to be borne in mind tha 
! 4 ' ‘itson, t such colours ough 
to be ascribed to a female without careful examination.” at ached 
ce - * Rhopalocca Malayana, p. 463 (1886). 
enus NaARATHURA, Moore. Navathura, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond., 1878, p. 8 “Wines, br 
ForEWING, very convex at base of costa, exterior margin rounded, even. Hinowra, veep convex pe ptr 
= abe ieyicen ia very aoe ta = end rate median nervule (so delicate that in most cabinet specimens it 
is broken off) ; anal angle not lobed. ype, iV. Aypomuta (Amblypodia hypomuta, Hewits Ly 7 
B. M., p. 11, n, 52, pl. vi, figs. 63, 64, male (1862).” (Moore, \. c.) os ee 
quite invisible except during flight. 
nd Massagas, in afew Arhopalas and 
