LYCANID. ZEPHYRUS. 299 
the apex white. Of the size of 7. acacie, Fabricius [a South European and Asia Minor 
species], from which, however, it differs widely in the black marginal dots of the underside, 
and the wider white streak.” (4o//ar, 1. c.) 
This description, though short, exactly applies to our species, so I have no hesitation 
in using it to the exclusion of Mr. Moore’s name 7. derza, the description of which being 
fuller is given below. Mr. Moore apparently did not know of 7. sassanddes when describing 
his species. 
DESCRIPTION: MALE and FEMALE. “ UPPERSIDE, both wings purple-brown. Hindwing 
with the exterior margin defined by a narrow black line, ¢a‘/ black. Czléa grey. UNDER- 
SIDE, doth wings greyish cream-colour. Forewing with a clear white transverse discal line 
with black inner border, from before the apex, between which and the exterior margin are 
two or more black spots. Azzdwing with a similar transverse discal white line, extending 
from anterior to inner margins, between which and a marginal white line is a series of more 
or less distinct black spots, and two ocellated black spots {often crowned with orange], one at 
the anal angle, the other beyond, the space between which is grey. Ciéia greyish.” (AZoorey 
l.c. in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865.) 
“T but once caught two or three of this species, on the steep bare mountain-sides over 
the Spiti River, altitude 11,000 feet, ona hot fine day ; they were flitting about the low shrubs.” 
(Note by Colonel A. M. Lang, R.E.) 
Within our region 7. sassanides has a considerable range in the Western Himalayan 
mountains. It occurs in Pangi near Chumba ; in suitable localities in many parts of Kashmir, 
Baltistan, Ladak, and also in Afghanistan and Biluchistan. I have usually taken it on a 
grey-leaved prickly bush at about 7,000 feet elevation, and often in considerable numbers. 
It occurs however. at much greater altitudes. 
The figure shews both sides of a male specimen from Pangi in my collection. 
A very closely allied species has been described from Turkestan by Mr. Erschoff as 
below.* It differs only from his 7. mzrabil’s, as far as I can tell from the figures of both, in 
having the discal white line on the underside of the forewing less prominent and ending on the 
first median nervule, the white line on the hindwing also less prominent. 
The next two genera are unquestionably closely allied, and possess a feature in neuration 
which is only found in five other genera of Indian Zycenide, and consists in the upper discoidal 
nervule of the forewing being given off from the subcostal nervure some distance beyond instead 
of a little before or at the apex of the discoidal cell. Zephyrus, Dalman, which contains one 
group of the true “ hair-streaks,”’ is extremely diversified in colouring, and in many species there 
is a great difference in the coloration and markings of the opposite sexes. The males have no 
secondary sexual characters. It probably occurs throughout the Palzarctic region, The genus 
Euaspa, Moore, contains but a single species, which is restricted to the Western Himalayas, 
In it the sexes are alike, blue above with an outer black margin, and a patch of pure white on 
the disc of both wings. In neurationit hardly differs from Zephyrus, and themale hasno secondary 
sexual characters. 
Genus 135.—ZEPHYRUS, Dalman. (Pate XXV). 
Zephyrus, Dalman, Kong. Vet.-Akad. Hand., vol. xxxvii, pp. 62, 90 (1816) ; id., Wallengren, Lep. 
Scand., Rhop., p. 178 (1853); Zepkyrius, Dalman, in Billberg’s Enum. Ins., p. 80 (1820); Axvotis, Dalman, 
Kong. Vet.-Akad. Hand., vol. xxxvii, pp. 63, 90 (1816); Dé/sas (part), Westwood, Gen. Diurn, Lep., 
vol. ii, p. 479 (1852); id., Hewitson, Ill. Diurn, Lep., p. 64 (1865). 
* Thecla lunulata, Erschoff, Lep. Turk., p. 7, n. 18, pl. i, fig. 5, female (1874). Habsirar : Sarafschan 
Valley, Turkestan Expanse: Fema/e, 1°3 inches. DescripTION : “ FEMALE, UPPERSIDE, doth wings uniform 
fuscous, hindwing tailed. UNpberstpe, doth wings fuscescent ashy, with a white lunular streak beyond the 
middle, inwardly margined with black, with an antemarginal series of black dots circled with white.” 
“ Habitat in the Sarafschan Valley, flying from the 3rst May. Allied to 7. méradilis, from which, 
however, it differs much in the pale cinereous colour of the underside, the whitish streak lunular and slender, 
not broken, and the marginal dots of the hindwing forming, not two, but one series,’’ (Arscha/f, |. c.) 
