300 LYCANID, 'ZEPHYRUS. 
FOREWING, large, subtriangular ; costa regularly arched, afex subacute, outer margin slightly 
convex or straight, zz#er margin straight ; costal mervure reaching to about half the length of 
the wing, terminating just opposite to the apex of the discoidal cell, first subcostal nervule 
given off from the subcostal nervure at about two-thirds the length of the discoidal cell, second 
subcostal nearer to the apex of the cell than to the base of the first subcostal, ¢4z7d subcostal 
_Originating rather nearer to the apex of the wing than of the cell; «fer discoidal nervule 
given off from the subcostal some distance beyond the apex of the cell ; middle disco-cellular 
nervule nearly straight (slightly concave), upright, /owe disco-cellular longer than the middle 
disco-cellular, concave, slightly outwardly oblique; second median nervule given off before 
the end of the cell; submedian nervure straight. HINDWING, large, broadly ovate, the 
extremity of the first median nervule elongated into a fine tail, variable in length (very short 
in the European Z. gwercus, Linnzeus, and entirely absent in Z. khasia, de Nicéville), and the 
anal angle produced intoa larger or smaller anal lobe ; first subcostal nervule arising from the 
subcostal nervure rather near to but before the apex of the cell ; désco-cel/udar nervules nearly 
in one straight line, outwardly oblique, the upper rather shorter than the lower ; second median 
nervule arising just before the lower end of the discoidal cell. Ayes hairy. Antenne 
clavate, the club very gradually formed. Pa/gz somewhat long, obliquely porrected, the third 
joint horizontal, the second joint very bristly beneath, third joint naked. 
LarVaA, short, thick, onisciform, tapering towards each end, clothed with fine short hair. 
PuPa, short, thick, rounded. 
The type of the genus is Z. detule, Linnzeus, the “ brown hair-streak”’ of England, the 
only other European species of the genus being Z. gwercus, Linuneeus, the ‘ purple hair- 
streak.’”’? These two species are usually included in the genus 7zec/a, but they differ from 
the typical species of that genus in having no secondary sexual character at the end of the cell 
of the forewing in the male ; the upper discoidal nervule originates from the subcostal nervure 
far beyond the end of the cell, in Z%ec/a it originates in the male before, in the female at, 
the apex of the cell, and perhaps most important of all, they have three subcostal nervules 
to the forewing, while in 7/ec/a there are but two. 
I am unable to give the range of the restricted genus Zepiyrus with accuracy, as so few 
authors have used it. It certainly occurs in Europe, and in several portions of Asia Minor ; 
its head quarters appear to be in the hills of Northern India, where thirteen species occur ; 
it is found also in considerable numbers in China, Amurland, and Japan. The species are very 
variable in colouring, the male of Z. detude is brown above with some pale ochreous markings 
on the disc of the forewing on the upperside, the female witha prominent orange band, 
the underside is also orange, much brighter in the female than in the male ; Z. guercus is purple 
on the upperside of both sexes, but the colour is much restricted in the forewing 
and replaced by blackish in the hindwing of the female. The Indian species are all more 
or less green, blue, or violet (in one species) on the upper surface of the male, this colour 
being most magnificently metallic in several of the species, less so in others. The females 
widely differ as a rule from their respective males ; and in Japan according to Mr. J. H. Leech* 
one species, Zhecla [Zephyrus] japonica, Murray, is polymorphic, having four distinct forms of 
female, and ‘* besides these forms all the intermediates occur.” The female of Z. duma, 
Hewitson, is black above, with an orange band on the disc of the forewing, that of 
Z. syla, Kollar, is more or less blue, of Z. dérupa is blackish with two pale patches on the 
forewing, of Z. zcana, Moore, and Z, doherty, de Nicéville, the females are very like that sex 
of Z, duma, but have a little purple towards the base of the forewing. The female only of 
Z. katura, Wewitson, is known; while of Z. khasta, de Nicéville, Z. zoa, de Nicéville, 
Z. ataxus, Doubleday and Hewitson, Z. adsolon, Hewitson, 2. mandara, Doherty, and 
Z. pavo, de Nicéville, the males only are known, but Z, atura is probably the female of 
Z. ataxus. The opposite sexes of Z. ita, Hewitson, are marked and coloured exactly alike, 
None of the Indian species appear to be common, and some of them are very rare. All frequent 
woods and forests, and settle only on the leaves of trees and bushes, never on the ground. 
* Proc, Zool, Soc, Lond., 1887, p. 412, n. 38, 
