LYCANIDA. CHRYSOPHANUS. 313 
with the secretion of the glue-glands and passing in this sticky state through, or rubbing against 
the hairy mass, simply agglutinate a layer of the highly deciduous fluffy material composing it 
to those parts of their periphery only that come into relation therewith, the insect apparently 
not interfering in the matter even so far as to cover the last egg, the exposed condition of which 
may even act advantageously by concentrating the attack of ichneumons, etc., on the one 
weak spot of the egg-armour.” 
“This species I have caught in Upper Kunawar, in July and August, frequenting the orchards 
of the charming villages of that fine country, at altitudes of 8,000 to 10,000 feet. They 
settle in great numbers on the walnut trees ; sometimes on neighbouring apricots and poplars. 
As one strikes the boughs, troops of these little black-purple hair-streaks, with silvery-grey 
underside, flit about the thick foliage like a cloud of tortrices shaken out of an oak: they 
settle again at once. They fly about thus till very late.” (ote by Colonel A. M. Lang, R.EL.) 
The female of C. odata has the purple coloration of the forewing much more restricted 
than in the male, and the hindwing often has a patch of purple colour in the middle. It does 
not occur further to the east, as far as I know, than Masuri, but it is common to the westwards, 
always near walnut trees. It is best obtained by beating the lower branches of those trees; 
or other trees in their neighbourhood, as it is rather a sluggish insect, and does not appear to 
fly much. Mr. Mackinnon informs me that the species is certainly single-brooded, the larvae 
eating the young leaves only of the walnut. They do an immense amount of damage to the 
trees, and for the last two years Mr. Mackinnen has noticed that the first flush of leaves 
on about one hundred trees near his house in Masuri has been entirely eaten by them. The 
second flush of leaves which appears in May after the larvee are full-fed and in the pupal or 
imaginal state are never eaten, He says also that the imagines are extremely active in the 
evening, though quiescent during the day. They are very difficult to catch in really perfect 
condition ; they seem to become worn very quickly after emergence. 
The figure shews both sides of a female example from Masutri in my collection. 
Genus 188._CHRYSOPHANUS, Hiibner. (Plate XXVII). 
Chrysophanus, Hiibner, Verz. bek. Schmett., p. 72 (1816); id., Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, 
Pp. 497 (1852); id., Trimen, Rhop. Af. Aus., p. 258 (1862-66); idem., id., South-Af. Butt., vol. ii, p. 90 
(1887) ; Lycena, sect. 3 (part), Fabricius, Ill. Mag., vol. vi, p. 285, n. 32 (1807) ; id., Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. 
Lep., p. 340 (1871) ; Czpido, sect. A, Schrank, Fauna Beica, vol, ii, pt. 1, pp. 153, 206 (1801) ; Polyommatus 
(part), Latreille, Hist. Nat. Crust. et Ins., vol. xiv, p. 116 (1805) ; idem., id., Enc, Méth., vol. ix, p. 11 (1819) ; 
id., Boisduval and Leconte, Lep. Amer. Sept., p. 122 (1833) ;id., Boisduval, Gen. et Ind. Meth., p. 9 (1840) ; 
id,, Lang, Butt. of Eur., p. 86 (1884) ; Heodes (part), Dalman, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Hand., vol. xxxvii, 
pp- 63, 91 (1816). 
* General characters of Zycena, Fabricius, but with the eves naked, and the upperside 
of the wings generally copper-coloured. Hap, small, hairy ; fa/fi obliquely porrected, of 
moderate length, the basal and middle joints thickly clothed with bristly hairs, terminal joint 
slender, elongate, nearly naked, of nearly equal length in both sexes ; aztenneé of moderate 
length, slender, middle joints long, ringed with white, terminated by a distinct elongate-ovate 
club, not or scarcely spoon-shaped. FOREWING, somewhat elongated, and more acute at 
the tip than in Zycena, with the veins and their branches arranged as in that genus, 
the position of the slender disco-cellular nervules closing the discoidal cell indicated by a 
transverse black spot on the underside, which is also generally much ocellated. H1NbWwING, 
ovate, with the anal angle more prominent than in Zycena, the extremity of the first median 
nervule is also often produced into a slight angle, especially in the males, marked beneath 
with black spots similar to those of the forewing. FORELEGS, nearly alike in size in both 
sexes, scaly ; ¢/big armed with numerous short acute spines, set on irregularly, the tip not 
produced into a hook ; ¢avsi on the underside also armed with still more numerous spines, 
those of the male exarticulate, and terminating in an obliquely curved horny point, those of 
the female articulated, the first joint about equal in lezgth to all the others united, and rather 
swollen, terminal joint armed with acute claws, rather dilated and angulated near the base. 
40 
