314 LYCANIDZ. CHRYSOPHANUS. 
Pseudonychia moderate-sized, strongly bifid, the divisions conical, finely setose. Pu/villus 
Jarge. MIDDLE and HINDLEGS, rather short, ¢arsé with the basal joint long, and often swollen 
in the males, claws and their appendages formed as in the forelegs.” 
“LARVA, elongate-ovate, swollen, onisciform, generally finely hairy, head small ; feeding upon 
docks, grasses [?], and low herbage. Pupa, short, thick, and entire, with the head-case obtuse.” 
“This group is unquestionably very closely allied to Zycena ; but the splendid coppery 
colours of the upper surface of the wings, the naked eyes, and the very spinose feet, seem to 
warrant their generic separation. C. phle@as, Linneus, is remarkable for the dilated basal 
joint of the four hind tarsi of the male.” (Westwood, 1. c.) 
Chrysophanus may be known from Zycena as restricted in this work by the upper discoidal 
and middle disco-cellular nervules of the forewing having a common origin, 7.¢. spring from 
the same point, this latter nervule in ZLycena arising from the upper discoidal some little 
distance from the base of the latter. I know of no character by which Chrysophanus can be 
separated structurally from Z/erda, Doubleday. Asa rule, the species comprised in it are of a 
brilliant coppery colour on the upperside, but this coloration is often reversed in the sexes, 
being in C. phleas brightest in the female, in C. Zavana brightest in the male ; in the species 
given in this work it is most brilliant in C. aditya, Moore, least so in C. kasyapa, Moore, except in 
‘the very aberrant C. caspius, Lederer, var. ¢ransiens, Staudinger, in which there is no copper 
colour on the upperside of either sex. The outline of the wings also is very variable. C. phieas 
has a distinct tooth (more prominent in the male) at the termination of the first median nervule 
of the hindwing, and the anal angle also produced ; these characters are less noticable in 
C. pavana; C. aditya and C. kasyafa have the hindwing evenly rounded; whilst the 
aberrant C. caspius, var. transiens has a distinct long narrow tail. The latter species 
in both sexes has the basal area of both wings glossed with purple, and in every way 
looks more like a “blue” than a “copper” on the upperside. The markings and 
coloration of the underside are so various in the Indian species of the genus that there 
can be no difficulty whatever in distinguishing any of them at a glance. The genus has 
an immense range, and inhabits every great geographical division of the earth. Mr. W. 
Hl. Edwards gives seventeen species as inhabiting North America north of Mexico,* 
one inhabits Chili in South America, Dr. Lang gives twelve species and many varieties as 
inhabiting Europe, several species occur in North Africa, one in Abyssinia in East Africa, one 
each in Tropical and extreme South Africa, numerous species inhahit the Palearctic regions of 
Asia, but none in the Indo-Malayan region, as far as I know ; one species has been recorded 
from Queensland in Australia, and four from New Zealand. C. phieas is one of the widest- 
ranging of butterflies, as it occurs under various forms in Japan, China, and thence across 
Asia through Europe to North America, and is the commonest Indian species of the genus, 
Koy to the Indian species of Chrysophanus. 
A. Both sexes more or less copper-coloured or orange on upperside ; nodistinct long narrow tail to 
hindwing. 
a. Anal angle and termination of first median nervule of hindwing produced into a 
tooth, 
a', Underside, hindwing without a white outer-discal band. 
878. C. pHLacas, Western Himalayas, Biluchistan. 
61, Underside, hindwing with a prominent white outer-discal band. 
879. C. PAVANA, Western Himalayas, Kashmir. 
6, Hindwing evenly rounded. 
a‘, Underside, hindwing dull greyish-white. 
880. C. apitya, Ladak, Baltistan. 
5', Underside, hindwing metallic greenish-blue. 
881. C. KASYAPA, Western Himalayas, Kashmir. 
B. Both sexes without copper coloration on upperside, basal half of the wings glossed with purple; a 
distinct long narrow tail to hindwing at term nation of first median nervule, 
882. C. CAsPluS, var. TRANSIENS, Persia, Afghanistan. 
* Butterflies of North America, vol. i, Synopsis of N. A, Butterflies, p. 32 (1873). 
