LYCANID#. CHRYSOPHANUS. 315 
878. Chrysophanus phlewas, Linneus. (PLATE XXVII, Fic. 205 ¢). 
Papilio phieas, Linneus, Faun. Suec., p. 285, n. 1078 (1761) ; idem, id., Syst. Nat., ed. xii, vol. 1, pt. 2, 
P. 793, n. 252 (1767); id., Esper, Schmett., vol. i, pt. 1, pl. xxii, fig. x (1777); id., Hiibner, Eur, Schmett., vol. i, 
figs. 362, 363 (1805-1824) ; Polyommatus phieas, Godart, Enc. Méth., vol. ix, p. 670, n. 167 (1823) ; id., 
Elwes, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 887; id., Leech, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1887, p. 414, n. 51; id., 
Pryer, Rhop. Nihonica, p. 16, n. 49, pl. iv, fig. 21, female (1888) ; Chrysophanus phileas, Westwood, Gen, 
Diurn. Lep., vol. ii, p. 498, mn. 4 (1852); id., Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 275 
n. 28 (1857) ; id., Swinhoe, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 340, n.14; Polyommatus phleas, Kollar, 
Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. 2, p. 417, n. 4 (1848) ; Chrysophanus phleas, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 
1874, p. 271, n. 61; idem, id., I. c., 1852, p. 247; Papilio virgauree, Scopoli, Ent. Carn., p. 180, n. 462 
(1763) ; id., Fourcroy, Ent, Paris, vol. ii, p. 246, n. 35 (1785) ; Papilio timeus, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol, ii, 
p. 137, pl. clxxxvi, figs. E, F, female (1777); Chrysophanus timeus, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, 
p- 506, n. 109; id., Butler, 1. c., 1886, p. 368, n. 523; C. timeus, Doherty, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, 
P. 130, n. 149 (1886) ; C. stygianus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 408, n. 14, pl. xxxix, fig. 5, male; 
C. phieas, var. stygianus, id., Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., fifth series, vol. ix, p. 208 (1882); C. daralacha, 
Moore, Journ. A. S. B., vol. lili, pt. 2, p. 25 (1884).* 
HasBiTaT: Palearctic and Nearctic regions ; in India, Biluchistan, and the Western 
Himalayas at suitable elevations. 
EXPANSE: &, 2, 1°2 to 1°6 inches (Indian specimens). 
DESCRIPTION: Typical race, C. phleas, Linneeus. EXPANSE: @, 2, 1'2 to 1'4 inches, 
MALE. UPPERSIDE, forewing dark shining copper overlaid with blackish scales ; with a somewhat 
broad even black band on the outer margin; asmall black spot near the base of the discoidal 
cell, a quadrate one in the middle, and an oblong oneat its end ; a discal series of seven rounded 
spots placed in echelon, the three upper ones from the subcostal nervure to the third median 
nervule, the next two in the median interspaces, the last two (usually more or less conjoined) in 
the submedian interspace. Aindwing blackish ; the disco-cellular nervules marked with a linear 
deep black spot; a broad coppery submarginal band from the anal angle to the middle of the 
second subcostal interspace, inwardly marked with a series of cordiform black spots placed against 
the band, sometimes with a discal series of blue irrorated spots, generally four in number ; the 
outer edge of the orange band deeply scalloped. UNDERSIDE, forewing bright ochreous, 
the apex broadly, outer and inner margins less broadly, brownish-grey ; the black spots as 
above, but surrounded by a pale ochreous line ; the inner edge posteriorly of the outer marginal 
band with three increasing black spots placed against it. Mimzdwing brownish-grey, with 
a few indistinct darker spots scattered evenly over the surface ; with the coppery band of the 
upperside but much narrower and obscure. Cv/a cinereous on the upperside, brownish-grey 
on the underside. FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, forewing with the copper coloration brighter and 
clearer than inthe male, the black spots smaller and better defined. Hzndwing with the coppery 
band broader. UNDERSIDE, forewing with four instead of three black spots placed against the 
outer brownish-grey marginal band. Aznudwing like the male. 
This description has been taken from typical Prussian specimens. As far as I am aware, 
the typical form occurs in Europe and North-Western Asia only, where however it has several 
local forms or races which have received distinctive names. It is the common ‘Small 
Copper”’ of Great Britain. 
Larva. ‘‘ The colour of the head dingy green, with a few dark brown markings ; of the 
body, opaque apple-green, the warts being white, and the bristles sienna-brown ; in some 
specimens the green is interrupted by three stripes of a delicate purplish-pink, one of them 
medio-dorsal, the others marginal.” This description has been drawn up by the late Mr. 
E. Newman, and quoted by Dr. Lang in Butt. of Europe, p. 96, pl. xxviii, figs. 3, larvee and 
pupa. He states that it ‘feeds on various species of Rumex” (sorrels and docks) Pvupa. 
‘* Dirty white, speckled with black or dark brown.” (Lang, |. c.) 
Local race, C. timeus, Cramer. EXPANSE: &, 2, I'3 to 1°7 inches. DESCRIPTION : MALE. 
Larger than the typical form. Uppersipk, forewing very much darker, the coppery colour almost 
* The above does not give the entire synonomy of this species, I have omitted all references to the North 
American forms, and also to the varieties a to /given in Mr. Kirby’s Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., pp. 343, 344. 
