LYCASNID:, ILERDA. 323 
white, and a very well-marked club, and with three branches to the postcostal vein [=subcos- 
tal nervure] of the forewing.” 
Mr. Doherty very justly remarks* ‘* This genus is very close to Chrysophanus, Hiibner, 
the prehensorés being generically the same, though each species has its characteristic form.” So 
much so is this the case, that I am unable to find a single even slight difference in neuration 
in the two genera by which they may be separated. Facies therefore is, in this case, the only guide 
to generic separation, and here there is difference enough ; the genus Chrysophanus comprises 
butterflies which are usually of a brilliant copper colour on the upperside ; this colour however is 
often wanting entirely in the female, and in several species allied to C, casfzus, Lederer, there 
is no copper colour at all, these latter are in fact coloured above as in the aberrant species of this 
genus, J. seza, which thus becomes a distinct connecting link between the two genera, though the 
markings on the underside of Z. seza are quite different from those of any Chrysophanus, they are 
also a good deal different from those of any other Z/erda; and, moreover. Z. sena differs 
widely from all the other known species of the genus in having a female with no orange 
patch on the disc of the forewing on the upperside, If Z sena be omitted, the other species of 
the genus are distinguished in the males by a richness of colouring as various as it is beautiful. 
J. epicles, Godart, is a beautiful shining purple, Z. ¢amz, Kollar, is rich ultramarine blue on 
the upperside, 7, »oovei, Hewitson, is brilliant metallic blue, Z. androcles, Doubleday and 
Hewitson, is resplendant metallic green, Z. vividipunctata, mihi, is also green but of a duller 
cast, and Z. évahma, Moore, is magnificent metallic golden bronze, 
The imagines almost always affect ground which has been disturbed by man, anda 
coarse herbage has sprung up. Their flight and habits are very similar to those of their 
almost congeners the ‘‘ coppers,” they have a rather quick flight but seldom for any distance, 
usually settling on leaves, and seem to be particularly fond of rubbing their hindwings over 
and over in the way affected by many of the Zycenide. The genus is found all along the 
outer ranges of the Himalayas, but never at any very great elevation, 9,000 feet being probably 
the highest point it reaches ; it occurs also in Assam and Upper Burma, (but not in the Malay 
Peninsula), in Java, and again in China. Every known species is included in this work. 
The transformations of 7. senza, Kollar, are described below. The larva and pupa are 
of the usual lyceenid shape, and agree very closely with the description of the preparatory 
stages of Chrysophanus phieas, Linneus. 
Eey to the species of Ilerda. 
A. Male, upperside, both wings shining but dull violet ; female fus-ous, with no oblique orange discal 
fascia on forewing. 
833. I. sena, Western Himalayas. 
B. Females, upperside, forewing with an oblique orange discal fascia. 
a. Male, upperside, both wings rich shining deep purple in some lights. 
884. I. EPICLES, Kumaon to Upper Assam, Arracan Hills, Upper Burma, Java, Hainan. 
5. Male, upperside, both wings rich deep ultramarine blue. 
885. I. Tamu, Western Himalayas. 
c. Male, upperside, both wings bright iridescent metallic blue. 
826. I. moors, Native Sikkim, Bhutan. 
d, Male, upperside, both wings bright iridescent metallic green. 
887. I. ANDROCLES, Western Himalayas, Assam. 
é. Male, upperside, both wings duller iridescent metallic green than in 7. androcles, the green 
scales on the hindwing sparsely scattered on the disc only. 
888. I. viripipuNcTATA, Kumaon, Sikkim. 
7. Male, upperside, both wings magnificent iridescent golden bronzy. 
889. I. BRanHMA, Kumaon, Sikkim, 
883. Tlerda sena, Kollar. < 
Polyommatus sena, Kollar, Hiigel’s Kaschmir, vol. iv, pt. 2, p. 415, n. 1, pl. v, figs. 3, 4, ale (1844) 5 
Ilerda sena, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E, I. C., vol. i, p. 28, nm. 30 (1857) ; 7. cadma, Double- 
day, List Lep. B. M., vol. ii, p. 25 (1847). 
HABITAT : Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. 
* Journ. A. S. B., vol. lv, pt. 2, p. 130, n, 148 (1886), 
