330 LYCANIDA. .) CULERDA, 
cell or to the hind-margin, and is nearly obsolete on the hindwing. This species can easily 
be distinguished by the prehensores, the clasp seen from the side is very broad and rounded at 
the end, with a line of strong, bent hooks. The uncus seen from the side is shorter than in 
1. coruscans, and its branches are more bent. I name Z. tam with great doubt, being unable 
to distinguish between Z. tamu, J. androcles, I. moorei, and J. langitz. It is so difficult 
to describe, and so impossible to figure the colouring of an J/erda, that I think that it 
will be very hard for the student to separate the four species mentioned, except by examina- 
tion of the prehensores, which ought to be figured.” From my point of view there is no 
great difficulty in dealing with these four species. Mr. Doherty’s ¢amu is my new species, 
moore? is blue not green, androcles and dangii are one species, which is green. 
“ FEMALE. UPPERSIDE, both wings dark brown. Forewing with a narrow band of orange 
at a distance from the apex. Aindwing with a narrow lunular submarginal band of orange, 
and under each lunule aline of pale blue. UNDERSIDE, doth wings like the male.” 
(Hewtson, 1. c) 
The three discriptions given above apply exactly to this very distinct species, which as 
far as I know is confined to Kumaon and Sikkim, but is almost sure to occur in the unexplor- 
ed intervening country of Nepal. The only difficulty I have had with this species is the 
localities given for it by Mr. Moore when he redescribed it under the name of tamu, namely; 
“N.-W. Himalayas, Masuri (Zavzg) ; Dharmsala (Hocking).” There are no specimens which 
at all agree with this species from the Western Himalayas now in Colonel Lang’s collec- 
tion, and neither Colonel Lang nor I have ever seen any examples from that region which 
could be confounded withit. Icanin no way account for the error, if it be one, of locality, 
given by Mr. Moore. The only characters I can give to distinguish the females of 2. wirede- 
punctata and J. brahma, Moore, are that the former is a larger insect, with the ground-colour 
of the underside darker, and of a greenish tinge. In Sikkim, however, the two species do 
not usually occur together, 7. vzr7dipunctata being found at much higher elevations than /. drvahma 
ever attains. Mr. Otto MGller possesses two. curious aberrations or “‘ sperts” (or perhaps 
hybrids) of the male of this species which are in some lights almost as rich a bronzy colour 
as obtains in Z. érahkma, only of a more greenish-brassy shade. They were taken in Sikkim with 
1. viridipunctata, so I note them under that species, though they are exactly intermediate 
between the two. : 
The figure shéws both sides of a male specimen from Sikkim in my collection, 
889. Tlerda brahma, Moore. 
I. brahma, Moore, Horsfield and Moore, Cat. Lep. Mus. E. I. C., vol. i, p. 29, n. 33, P!. ia, fig. 4, 
male (1857); id., Staudinger, Ex. Schmett, p. 274, pl. xcv, male (1888). 
Hapsitar : Sikkim’; Naini Tal ; Loharkhet, Kumaon, 5-7,000 feet. 
EXPANSE: @, 1°3 to 1°43 9, 1'2 to 1'5 inches, 
DeEscrIPTION : *‘ Differs from Z, azdrocles, Doubleday and Hewitson, and Z. tamu, Kollar, 
in having the patches of the wings [on the upperside] glittering coppery-gold colour, and a 
broader and longer exterior red band to the hindwing.” (Moore, 1, c.) FEMALE, UPPERSIDE, 
differs only from that sex of 7. eficles, Godart, in the orange patch on the forewing and the 
lunulated fascia on the hindwing being rather paler or more yellow in shade. On the UNDER- 
SIDE it may at once be known by the absence of the marginal reddish-orange band on the fore- 
wing, and by the presence of a discal continuous dark line across both wings, in Z, efécles 
there is occasionally a discal series of disconnected short black lines forming a fascia ; the 
ground-colour of both wings, and the marginal band on the hindwing also paler. The distinc- 
tions between the females of 7. wiridipunctata and J. brahma are given above, but the mark- 
ings on the underside of these species in both sexes are identical. 
I, brahma occurs commonly in Sikkim in February, March, September, October, and 
November, In Naini Tal Colonel Lang says that ‘ it occurs at the same time and places as 
Z. tamu, Kollar, in April and May at 7,000 feet altitude, but is much Iess common.”. 7. drakma 
