LYCANID. APHNAUS. 349 
903. Aphnéus vuleanus, Fabricius, 
Papilio vulcanus, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., p. §tg, n. 323 (1775); idem, id., Sp. Ins., p. 114, NM. 499 (1781)$ 
idem, id,, Mant. Ins., vol. ii, p, 66, n. 622 (1787) ; id., Donovan, Ins. Ind., pl. xxxviii, figs. 3, female (1800); 
id., Herbst, Pap., pl. ccci, figs. 5,6, female (1804); Hesperia vulcanus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst., vol. iii, pt.1, 
Pp. 264, n. 22 (1793) ; Polyommatus vulcanus, Godart, Enc. Méth.,, vol. ix, p. 644, n. 101 (1823); Aphneus vulca. 
nus, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1816-1841) ; id., Butler, Cat. Fab. Lep. B. M., p. 182, n. x (1869) ; Ambly- 
fodia vulcanus, Horsfield, Cat. Lep. E.1.C., p. 106, n. 37 (1829) ; Papilio etolus, Cramer, Pap. Ex., vol. iii, 
pl. ccviii, figs. E, F, female (1779); Aphneus etolus, Hewitson, Ill, Diurn. Lep., p. 61, n. 2, pl. xxv, figs. 3, 4 
male (1865); A. bracteatus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 147, n, 12, pl. xxiv, figs. 10, female; 
11, male; id., Swinhoe, l, c., 1886, p. 428, n.60; A. ¢igrinus, Moore, Journ. A. S, B., vol. liii, pt. 2, p. 25 
(1884) ; id., Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 134) m. 75 ; id., Waterhouse, Aid, vol. ii, pl. clxiii, 
figs. 2, 2a, female (1885) ; Spindasis tigrina, de Nicéville, Journ. A. S. B., vol. liv, pt. 2, p. 49, n. 89 (1885). 
HasiTaT : Outer Himalayas ; throughout India (except the desert tracts, Assam and 
Burma) ; Ceylon ; Java. 
EXPANSE: @, 9, ‘85 to 1°30 inches. 
DEscRIPTION: MALE and FEMALE. “ UPPERSIDE, doth wings fuscous fringed with 
hoary, somewhat shot with violet in the male. Forewing with four abbreviated unequal 
undulate fulvous striole. Aindwing with a fulvous anal patch marked with two black ocelli, 
the inner one bordering ona silvery lunule. UNDERSIDE, 40th wings sulphury, with broad 
fulvous fascize, each adorned with an interrupted median silvery streak, and bordered with a sub- 
undulate black line. Forewing with the fascize six in number ; the two apical [outer-marginal] 
complete, parallel with the margin, the exterior one unadorned ; the third almost halved ; the 
fourth complete, increased in the costal area by a shortened striga, and thence outwardly bifid ; 
the fifth almost halved, broken off in the anal area ; the sixth basal oblique smallest. Hindwing 
with six fasciz, two marginal ; of which the outer one is interrupted ; the second complete, 
archedly produced to the interior margin; the third halved, joined with the second at the 
middle; the fourth and fifth complete, suddenly inflected in the anal region; the sixth 
narrow basal contiguous to the body ; the anal region fulvous, bearing two most black 
ocellular dots.” 
“A. vulcanus, Fabricius, is prominently marked above, in the forewing of both sexes, 
by four short unequal waving striole of a fulvous colour ; underneath, in the forewing the 
third band is short, tending towards and touching the second band; the fourth is complete, 
and has, at the costal extremity, a short accessary band, whence it appears to be d7fid exteriorly ; 
in the hindwing the ¢Azrd band is dimidial and loosely united, behind the base, with the second ; 
but the most striking distinctive character of this species is a deep black marginal thread ; 
which passes in an undulated course along the edge of all the broader bands,” (Horsfield, \. ¢.) 
Larva when full-grown appears to be rather large, considering the size of the butterfly, 
and is 46 of an inch in length. Colour pale green, the body of nearly equal width throughout, 
the fourth segment rather the widest, the constrictions between the segments hardly visible, 
the head large (much larger than in any lyczenid larva known to me), black, and shining, 
and restricted to limited areas. The difficulty with the others probably arises from their wide distribution 
and the various climates to which they are in consequence subjected, and to their not being confined to any 
distinct geographical or climatic areas, whence much local and seasonal variability has arisen, 
e Male, upperside, forewing glossed with iridescent blue. 
6. Male, upperside glossed with dark bluish-purple ; female, upperside more or less sprinkled with 
plumbeous-silvery scales. 
a‘, Underside, both wings with all the markings broad. 
a*, Underside bright orange-yellow, bands deeper orange, not traversed by a silvery 
line, except at anal angle of hindwing. 
A. RUKMA, Sikkim. 
62, Underside pale or dull sulphur-yellow. 
a*, Underside, bands darker than ground, somewhat purpurascent-yellow. 
A. nrpacicus, Nepal, Sikkim. 
6%, Underside, bands concolorous with ground, 
A. ZAFFRA, Western Himalayas. 
c?, Underside dull Indian-red, bands darker red. 
A. sant, Sikkim. 
$*, Underside, both wings with all the markings very attenuated. 
A. RUKMINI, Sikkim, 
