350 LYCASNIDA. APHN AUS, 
hardly hidden beneath the second segment, being quite visible from in front; the second 
segment marked with a large shining blackish patch which is divided in the dorsal line 
by a whitish line, with two similar but broader lines on each side; the third segment is 
anteriorly similarly marked: there is a double fine dorsal and subdorsal dark green line, 
and a lateral single line ; the three posterior segments are marked above much as are the 
second and third; the twelfth segment bears two prominent blackish pillars, from the 
upper edge of which spring several strong bristles. When frightened, the larva protrudes 
a somewhat long pale green tubercle from each pillar, which bears at its apex a few fine 
hairs. The pillars and tubercles are larger in this species than in any other known to me 
except Curetis thetis, Drury. The mouth-like opening in the dorsal line on the posterior 
edge of the eleventh segment is very conspicuous under a magnifying glass. The whole 
body is finely shagreened, and the lateral edge and anal segment bear a fringe of numerous 
somewhat stout colourless hairs. The larva in Calcutta feeds on Clerodendron siphonan- 
thus, R. Br. Pupa, always found in a spun-up leaf or leaves, is either green or dark brown, 
of the usual lyczenid shape, smooth and shining, the head rounded, the thorax anteriorly 
slightly humped and angled at the sides, the abdomen gradually tapering posteriorly. 
There is much of interest in the habits of the larvae of A. vu/canus. They are most 
carefully tended by two somewhat small species of black ants, which Dr. A. Forel of Geneva 
has identified for me as Pheidole gquadrispinosa, Jerdon, and Cremastogaster, n. sp. (sicévillei, 
Forel, MS.) A full dozen of these ants may be seen all at once on the body of a full-grown 
larva, and many others round about, so covering the larva that little else but ants is visible 5 
the larvze do not seem to mind the antsat all. The larvae pass most of their time in rolled- 
up leaves (only issuing forth when hungry to eat the surrounding leaves, always returning 
to their shelters when the meal is over), several in each shelter, four being the greatest 
number I have seen in any one shelter. Larvze of very different ages are to be found in the 
same shelter. Some of these nests are formed of two separate leaves spun together with silk, 
but usually the outer edges of a single leaf are spun together. When about to pupate, the 
full-grown larva spins a cocoon between two leaves. It is very slight and both ends are 
left open, it is made of white silk, the entire structure being exactly like the nests certain 
green spiders spin between leaves in which they lie in wait for prey. The ants which attend 
these larve make a nest in the stem of the plant on which the larve feed, often in a single 
branch of the plant. There is a only one hole to the nest, far too small for a full-grown 
Aphneus larva to enter, but the ants take the small larve inside. 
A. vulcanus is one of the widest spread as well as the commonest species in the genus, 
In Indian specimens I have seen but few males shot with blue on the upperside as described 
by Dr. Horsfield ; very often the forewing has only three abbreviated fulvous bands on 
the upperside, sometimes none at all; the third and fifth fascie from the outer margin 
on the underside of the forewing are sometimes constricted in the middle, often entire. The 
breadth of the bands also differs very widely, and their fulvous colour is sometimes light, some- 
times very dark, almost ferruginous. Two of these varietal forms have been described as distinct 
species, but I cannot admit them to be such, as the characters on which they are based are 
quite inconstant, and the specimens displaying them are not confined to any geographical région. 
I append their descriptions as foot-notes.* The female of A. vulcanus may be known from 
* Aphrneus bracteatus, Butler. Hapirat : Mhow, October to June. Expanse: Male,113; female, 
r’zinches. Description : * Allied to A. vudcanus, Fabricius (the male of 4. eto/us, Cramer), from which 
it may be distinguished as follows :—MAtE. Uppersipr, both wings with the tawny bands almost as well 
developed as in the female of that species. Hindwing paler, showing the markings of the underside as 
dark grey bands, the tawny submarginal streak continued to apex. UNversIvE, toth wings creamy-white, 
not sordid as in A. vudcanus, the bands narrower and of a darker duller red colour so as to show up the 
silver spangles distinctly ; the fifth band on the forewing free, not united to the sixth as in A. vulcanus, 
Hindwing with the large orange anal patch wanting, so that the elbowed continuation of the fifth or sub- 
marginal band is distinctly seen ; the abbreviated fourth band is also free, not united to the fifth. FEMALF, 
Uprersipe, forewing tawny excepting along the inner margin, and crossed by black bands corresponding 
with those of the underside. Aindwing paler thanin A, wulcanus, showing the markings of the underside 
as dark grey bands ; the tawny sub:marginal streak continued to apex and for the most part white.” UNDERSIDE, 
both wings asin the male. 
