^8 NATURAL SCIENCE. July. 



{17) ; but, unfortunately, it is the dissection of a foetal animal. Much 

 of the work that has already been done, such as that of Owen and 

 Hartmann, is almost useless for future purposes, as a list of the 

 material used is never explicitly stated — the first essential — and only 

 general statements are given. In short, Owen and his school may be 

 said to have been anatomists of the individual ; his successors were 

 and are anatomical census-takers of the race. 



The aim and end to which all such work as this should be 

 directed is, I take it, to find out not only how the individual, but also 

 how the race, moves, lives, and has its being ; and any fact which 

 helps towards this end deserves to be recorded. We wish to dis- 

 cover, also, how races have come into their present shapes and habits; 

 how they are co-ordinated with their surroundings ; and to what 

 •extent we may prophecy with truth as to how these races might be 

 moulded in changed surroundings. Such studies pursued upon man's 

 nearer neighbours ought to give some understanding of the methods 

 by which he has attained his present form and position. But, besides 

 these more philosophical problems, the solution of which leads 

 only to a certain mental satisfaction, the anthropoids offer, in the 

 simplicity of their mind and body, a clue to the more practical study 

 of the elaborate psychology and physiology of man. 



The Nervous System. — Seeing that the brain is regarded as the 

 organ that keeps the individuals of the higher races sexually and 

 socially congregated together in a group known as a species, and 

 seeing further that the form of the brain is moulded by and dependent 

 upon function, its study becomes of the first importance. About a 

 dozen gorilla brains have been seen altogether: Bischoff (4, 5, 9), Broca 

 (11), Chapman (14), Deniker (17, a foetal brain), and Pansch (67) have 

 given figures and descriptions of the convolutions; Fere (27), Gratiolet 

 (32), Moeller (62), Thane (78), and. Owen (66) have noted some points 

 concerning it. As for the convolutions, we neither know their 

 meaning nor what relationship they bear to function. They are 

 probably of less value physiologically and morphologically than the 

 basal parts of the brain, of the centres and tracts of which we know 

 nothing. The cerebellum is still untouched. Waldeyer (85) has given 

 us a splendid piece of research on the spinal cord, and Eisler's (24) 

 account of the distribution of the nerves is very good. Hepburn (45) 

 also gives a full account of the main nerves of the limbs. The micro- 

 scopical structure and distribution of motor areas of the cortex of the 

 brain are unknown. 



The Muscles. — The muscles of the gorilla have been well 

 described by Deniker (17) and Duvernoy (22); Hepburn (45) gives 

 a full account of the muscles of the limbs. Partial descriptions 

 have been given by Bischoff (7), Chapman (13), Chudzinski (16), 

 Ehlers (23), Huxley (49^), Macalister (55), Ruge (70), Symington (76), 

 and Wyman (87). As already pointed out, a standard dissection, to 

 include at the same time the work already done, is still required. 



