Oct., 1896. THE STUDY OF THE CHIMPANZEE. 251 



(158), Parker (178), Schroeder and Vrolik (196), Symington (202), 

 Turner (207), while Traill (206), Tyson (208), and Macartney (155) give 

 very fragmentary accounts. The convolutions, sulci, lobes, and fissures 

 have been treated in a general way, but from fresh material, by Broca 

 (103), Gratiolet (131), Hamy (136), Kiikenthal and Ziehen (151), 

 Pansch (176), Parker (177), and Rohon (185). The Island of Reil, 

 its limiting sulci and opercula, the third frontal convolution, have 

 received a great deal of attention, and respecting them the following 

 authors may be consulted : Bischoff (4, 5), Cunningham (116, 117), 

 Herve (48), Marchand (157), and Riidinger (i88a). Of the deep 

 anatomy of the brain, its commissures, its tracts, its deep and basal 

 centres, and its peduncles, nothing is known except from inference. 

 The ventricles have been touched upon by Schroeder and Vrolik (196), 

 Moeller (165), Marshall (158), and Macartney (155). Moeller (166) 

 has examined and described the Hypopophysis and Epiphysis cerebri. 



The extent to which the cerebellum is overlapped by the occipital 

 lobes of the cerebrum has been a matter of very keen observation, 

 and has quite a considerable literature of its own. Like all points of 

 anatomy that have given rise to a great deal of discussion and 

 contradiction, it has turned out to vary widely with the individual, 

 and to have received an amount of attention quite outside its real 

 importance. As far as this matter concerns the chimpanzee, 

 observations have been made by Chapman ( 1 1 1 ) , Cunningham (115,118), 

 Macartney (155), Marshall (158), Moeller (166), Schroeder and Vrolik 

 (196), and Wilder (213). For papers dealing with the weight of the 

 chimpanzee brain, see Moeller (166) and Keith (146). There is no 

 microscopic work on the brain, except that of Moeller (168). The 

 medulla oblongata has been figured by Barkow (90), and its nerve- 

 centres examined and described by Kallius (145) and Cunningham 

 (117). The external appearance of the spinal cord has been described 

 by Kalhus (145). Moeller (166, 167) has examined the finer structure 

 of the optic chiasma. 



The cranial nerves of the chimpanzee have never been examined 

 with any degree of detail (Vrolik, 210). The lumbar plexus, especially 

 the spinal nerves that enter into its formation, has received a very 

 great deal of attention from Von Jhering (143), Ruge (191), Rosenberg 

 (i87fl), and Utschneider (209). Hoefer (140) has given a full description 

 of the nerves of the upper extremities, and Macalister (154) gives a 

 figure of the brachial plexus. The nerves of both extremities have been 

 dealt with by Champneys (no), Hepburn (45), Chapman (in), 

 Gratiolet (131), Nepheu (170), Sutton (201), Traill (206), and Vrolik 

 (210), but only the first two writers give at all a full description. 



The Muscles. — Although the myology of eighteen chimpanzees has 

 been described, only Gratiolet's (131) is an approximately complete 

 treatise. Tyson's (208), Traill's (206), Vrolik's (210), Wilder's (212), 

 Beddard's (93), Champneys' (no), Huxley's (49^), Embleton's (126), 

 and Sutton's (201) are fairly full. Partial records of dissections are 



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