1896. THE STUDY OF THE CHIMPANZEE. 253 



tabulation of the characters of a long series, say of one hundred, of 

 skulls. As in the myology of the chimpanzee, so in the skulls, there 

 is quite an enormous amount of individual variation, most of the 

 features that have been assigned as characters of sub-species being in 

 reality only individual peculiarities, although it is highly probable, 

 especially in connection with the skulls of Central African chimpanzees, 

 that if a large series of this supposed species were contrasted with a 

 large series of the ordinary West African animal, a very distinct 

 difference in mass would be noted between them. The collections in 

 museums are rapidly becoming big enough for such an undertaking. 

 In London museums, for instance, in the museums of South Kensington, 

 Royal College of Surgeons, and of the various medical and scientific 

 schools, there are over sixty chimpanzee skulls, most of them with the 

 necessary history attached to them ; and in the museums of Europe and 

 America, there are, at a low estimate, over three hundred skulls, cer- 

 tainly material enough for working out a very full understanding of 

 this part of the chimpanzee. Anyone who has tried to bring all the 

 descriptions of skulls in periodical and academical literature together 

 and fuse them into a concise and clear whole, must have felt the wish 

 to start the whole subject afresh upon our greatly increased stock of 

 material. At best the literature upon the skull will serve only as an 

 introduction to anyone who wants to start work on fresh material ; it 

 is almost useless for the purpose of addition to his own research. It 

 is rather a big literature, the smaller articles, dealing with some 

 definite structure or variation, being the most satisfactory. Such are 

 those, for instance, of Thomson (205), Regnault (182), and Bianchi 

 (95), dealing with the lachrymo-ethmoidal suture; of Maggi (156) 

 dealing with the cranio-pharyngeal canal ; Zuckerkandl's (216) 

 with the turbinate bones; Morselli's (169) with the vermian fossa; 

 of Chudzinski (113) and Manouvrier (156^) with the nasal bones; of 

 Hamy (35) with the nasal spine ; of Sutton (201) on certain foramin 

 of the skull ; of Bischoff (8) on the cranial indices ; and of Flower (128) 

 on an acrocephalic skull. Partial records or figures of skulls are 

 given by Barkow (90J, Lenz (53), Meyer (58, 59), Hartmann (40), 

 Gratiolet (131), Dwight (123), Bolau (10), Bischoff (96), Beddard (93), 

 Traill (206), and Vrolik (210). Keith (146) treats of the cranial 

 capacity. The literature upon the skull of the Central African 

 chimpanzee is by Giglioli (31), Hartmann (138), Issel (144), and 

 Noack (171). Owen (175), Huxley (496), Duvernoy (22), Bischoff (3), 

 and Hartmann (138, 38) describe the characters of the chimpanzee 

 skull in a general way, pointing out its generic, specific, and sexual 

 characters, and the changes it undergoes with age. 



The Skeleton. — One may say of the other bones as of the skull : 

 it is an easier and more satisfactory matter to refer to specimens than 

 to literature. For articles dealing with the chimpanzee skeleton as a 

 whole one may consult Owen (175), Mivart (61, 61a), Duvernoy (22), 

 Hartmann (138, 38), Bouvier (102), and Gratiolet {131). Records or 



