iSge. THE STUDY OF THE CHIMPANZEE. 259 



and this opinion has been accepted in France, while all other countries 

 have followed Savage, Wyman, and Owen, and retained them in one 

 genus. There is no absolute standard of generic value ; but this 

 much is certain, that the chimpanzee and gorilla are much more 

 nearly correlated in structure than is either of these to the orang or 

 gibbon, or the gibbon to the orang, {See Huxley, ^ga, ^gb ; GeofFroy 

 St. Hilaire, 72; Broca, 104^; Duvernoy, 22; Hartmann, 139, 43; 

 Gray, 133, 134 ; and Peters, 180.) 



There may be well-marked species, sub-species, or varieties of 

 the chimpanzee, but as yet the material at home and notes of habits 

 from the jungle are totally insufficient for their determination. A very 

 considerable literature has sprung up round the chimpanzee of Central 

 Africa, but as already said, our material and information are not 

 enough to afford us any certain grounds for separating the chimpanzee 

 of this region from that of the West Coast. {See Giglioli, 31; Issel, 

 144; Hartmann, 138(1, 139; Peters, 180; and Noack, 171.) 



As regards the number of species or well-marked varieties of 

 chimpanzees on the West Coast of Africa, it is a very hard matter to 

 decide in the present state of our information how far characters that 

 have been assigned as of specific value are really so or are only 

 individual peculiarities. Du Chaillu appears to me to be our safest 

 guide in determining this question, and if he is right, and he can 

 hardly have made a mistake, in saying that the voice and cry of T. 

 Kooloo-Kamha is perfectly distinct in character from that of the other 

 forms of chimpanzee, then I do not think he could have adduced any 

 other feature or features so indicative of its being a certain and distinct 

 species. Unfortunately he shot only one specimen, and its external 

 configuration, so far as he describes it, agrees well enough with that 

 of T. niger. He found it living also in a country inhabited by another 

 form of chimpanzee, Nshiego-Mbouve {T. calvus). Bartlett (91) and 

 Beddard (93) assigned " Sally " to the latter species. Unfortunately, 

 Du Chaillu on his own statement had rarely seen T. niger in his travels, 

 his acquaintance with it being almost restricted to a few young speci- 

 mens in confinement, and he was therefore unaware of the amount of 

 variation that might occur among the members of that species. 



In my last article on the gorilla I made a very stupid blunder, 

 which I now wish to remedy, and confounded the name Troglodytes 

 tschego of Duvernoy with Gorilla gina of Geoifroy St. Hilaire. T. tschego 

 is certainly a name applied to a chimpanzee, but the specific characters 

 assigned by Franquet (30), Slack (73), and Duvernoy (22) are, 

 every one of them, variable. The degree of prognathism, the last 

 molar teeth, the pigmentation of the skin, the colour of hair, the 

 external ear, and proportions of limbs to trunk are subject to 

 considerable fluctuation in different individuals. " Mafuca" (170a, 58), 

 T. aubvyi (130), T. vellerosus (132) may or may not be representatives 

 of distinct species ; probability is all in favour of their being only 

 peculiarly marked individuals of the more common form. 



