1899] TAT EL LED 361 
He then fully describes his experiments, and thus summarises the results :— 
“The length of time which the fields normally remain in consciousness was 
increased by direct will power. Efforts to decrease the number of changes of 
the fields in a given time were unsuccessful. With the so-called pure will 
efforts there were in every case accompanying eye movements. Elimination of 
the eye movements decreased the ability to hold either of the fields. The in- 
troduction of conscious eye movements was accompanied by a lengthening of 
the time of the field whose lines served as the guide for the movement. Count- 
ing the lines upon either field increased the length of time that field remained 
in consciousness. Figures which induced the greatest eye movement remained 
longest in consciousness. ‘The lines of a moving field remained in consciousness 
nearly all the time, but did not inhibit the normal rivalry of the two fields. 
Contraction of the right side or of the left side of the body had the same effect 
upon the rivalry, viz., increased the time which the field before the right eye 
was seen. Coloured borders did not affect the rivalry. Of two fields of different 
sizes, the smaller remained longer in consciousness. Under different conditions 
adjacent parts of the retinae showed different rates of rivalry at the same time. 
Increase in the intensity of the light stimulus caused an increase in the rate of 
the changes, while the ratio of the phases of the rivalry was normal and con- 
stant. Of two unequally lighted fields, the lighter remained longer in conscious- 
ness. After-images showed the same phenomenon of rivalry ; but the changes 
occurred at a slower rate than in the case of direct stimulation. When both 
fields were of the same colour the rivalry of the two sets of lines was not affected. 
Different stimuli falling upon the same area of the retina of one eye produced 
the phenomenon of rivalry. 
He then treats of the “inhibition of motor reactions” and concludes by an 
endeavour to apply his results to education. He advocates strongly motor 
training. His most pertinent criticism of our prevalent methods of school 
education is the following :—“ We imprison the child for hours each day in 
his seat ; meantime we try to teach him to think without giving him a chance 
to react.” 
“From the point of view to which this work leads, the value of manual train- 
ing for the development of the mind—~.e., as a culture study—finds its basis in 
the very nature of consciousness. Here we find an explanation of the fact 
that the boy who gains the ability to perform bodily adjustments in a de- 
cided, accurate and rapid manner is better able to think accurately and clearly, 
and why a hesitating and inaffective bodily reaction is the accompaniment of 
a weakened or confused state of mind.” T. S. CLouston. 
? A LOYAL DARWINIAN. 
Darwinism and Lamarckism, Old and New. Four Lectures. By FREDERICK 
WoOLLASTON Hutton, F.R.S., ete. 8vo, pp. x.+ 169. London: Duck- 
worth & Co., 1899. Price 3s. 6d. net. 
Captain Hutton’s “excuse for adding to the already voluminous literature 
on Darwinism is that the subject is always advancing, and that the interest 
attached to it is not confined to naturalists, but enters into everyday life. It 
is, indeed, intimately connected with our*systems of theology, for it forms one 
of the foundations—perhaps the corner stone—of Natural Religion. It is 
therefore important that a knowledge of the theory should be widely spread ; 
and any attempt to convey that knowledge in simple language can hardly fail 
to do good, provided it be sufficiently clear to be understood at the first reading, 
and sufficiently short to discourage skipping.” 
But a new contribution to a subject so much over-written as this may 
perhaps be expected to justify itself by some particular quality, such as novelty 
of treatment, freshness of ideas, precision of statement, or up-to-dateness ; but 
