HABITATIONS OF INSECTS. 453 



tribe. Some are produced by beetles, as those on the 

 roots of kedlock (Sinapis arvensis), which I have ascer- 

 tained to be inhabited by the larvae of Curculio contrac- 

 tus, Ent. Brit., and Rhi/nchcenus assimilis, F. ; and 1 

 have little doubt that the same insects, or species allied 

 to them, cause the clubbing of the roots of cabbages, 

 and the knob-like galls on turnips called in some places 

 the anbury. It seems to be a beetle of the same family 

 that is figured by Reaumur % as causing the galls on 

 the leaves of the lime-tree. Others owe their origin 

 to moths, as those resembling a nutmeg which Reaur 

 mur received from Cyprus'* ; and others again to two- 

 winged flies, as the woody galls of the thistle caused by 

 Tephritis (Musca, L.) Cardui'', and the cottony galls 

 found on ground ivy, wild thyme, &c., as well as a very 

 singular one on the juniper resembling a flower, de- 

 scribed by De Geer'^, all which are the work of minute 

 gall-gnats {CecidomT/ice, Latr. Tipnlce, L.). Some.of 

 these last convert even the flowers of plants into a 

 kind of galls, as T. Loti of De Geer% which inhabits 

 the blossoms of Lotus corniculatus ; and one which I 

 have myself observed to render the flowers of Eri/si' 

 mum Barharea like a hop-blossom. A similar mon- 

 strous appearance is communicated to the flowers of 

 Teucrium sitpinum by a little field-bug, Cimex ( Tingis, 

 F.) Teucrii of Host ^, and to another plant of the same 

 genus by one of the same tribe described by Reaumur^. 

 In these two last instances, however, the habitations 

 do not seem strictly entitled to the appellation of galls, 



'^ Reaum. iii. t. 38. f. 2,3, " Ibid. iii. 448. ' Ibid. 455. 



" De Geer, vi, 409, * Ibid. 421. 



' Jacquin Collect, ii. 255. * Reaum. iii. 427. 



