_-*«-».. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. ^ 



Fig. 1. — Rana tigrina, head of an adult female specimen. 



„ 2. — Head of R. tigrina with the skin over the tympanic membrane 

 and the side of the head reflexed. 



„ 3. — Skull of R. tigrina showing the attachment of the tympanic 

 membrane, side view. 



„ 4. — Skull of R. tigrina showing the attachment of the annulus 

 tympanicus, the tympanic membrane and the columella 

 auris, seen from behind. 



„ 5. — Annulus tympanicus of R. tigrina, seen from above. 



„ 6. — Columella auris of R. tigrina, seen from the posterior side. 



„ 7. — Cacopus systoma, head of an adult male. 



., 8. — Head of a Cacopus systoma with the skin over the side of the 

 head reflexed. 



,. 9. — Kaloula pulchra, head of a young specimen showing the tym- 

 panic area. 



„ 10. — Microhyla rubra, head of an adult specimen. 



,, ]L- — Bufo himalyanum, side view of the head. 



„ 12. — Hyla annectens, side view of the head. 



,, 13. — Megalophrys carinense, side view of the head of an adult 

 specimen. 



Keference lettering. 



a. Extrastapedial portion of the columella, u'. Suprastapedial process of the extra- 

 stapedial. A. t. Annulus tympanicus. b. Mediostapedial portion of the columella. 

 G. Intcrstapedial portion of the columella, eu. Exoccipital. /. v. Fenestra ovalis. 

 fjT. Frontoparietal. //(. Maxilla. n. Nasal. jnn. Preniaxilla. ^j^. Pterygoid. 



q, (Quadrate. qj. (^uadratojugal. s. Squamosal. se. Sphenethmoid. sm. Septo- 

 maxillary. T, a. Tympanic area, T. m. Tympanic membrane. T. r. Tympanie 

 recess. 



