Civ SOME LIGNIYCOLOUS BEE TLE-— 
LARVAE FROM INDIA AND BORNEO. 
By F. H. Gravety, D.Sc., Asst. Superintendent, Zoological Survey 
of Indta. 
(Plates XX—XXII_) 
While hunting for insects in dead wood my attention has 
from time to time been attracted by stages in the life histories of 
various beetles. Often the determination of the adult form into 
which a particular kind of larva will develop is a matter only to 
be determined by breeding. At other times the association of 
larvae, possessing definite family characteristics, with adults of the 
same family all belonging to one species, indicates the identity of 
the larvae with a high degree of probability. And when larvae 
and adults are associated with pupae, shown by their accompanying 
exuviae to have been derived from the former and by their form 
to be about to give rise to the latter, the probability becomes a 
certainty. 
By one or other of the above means, the identity of various 
beetle larvae recently added to the Indian Museum collection has 
been established. The Bornean Passalid larvae described below 
were collected by Mr. J. C. Moulton, many of the South Indian 
Passalid larvae by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, the Andaman Pas- 
salid larvae by Mr. M. C. Bonig and Mr. 8. W. Kemp, and two species 
of the Lucanid larvae by Mr.S. W.Kemp. Therest were collected by 
myself. Whenever possible the specimens have been hardened before 
being placed in spirit by immersion either for a few minutes in boiling 
water, or (better) for an hour or two in Carnoy’s fluid !, as this helps 
to prevent blackening and collapse of the tissues. 
I have thought it best to refrain at present from attempting to 
prepare an account of the Longicorn larvae, since I have as yet 
been unable to consult the part of Xambeu’s “‘ Moeurs et Métamor- 
phoses d’Insectes ”’ dealing with this group.” 
PASSALIDAE. 
The collection of material for the study of the development of 
Passalid beetles is rendered particularly simple by the close asso- 
ciation which appears to exist between adults and their young. 
This association has been investigated in the case of American 
forms by Ohaus (Stett. Ent. Zeit., Jahrg. LXI, 1900, pp. 164-172 

t Absolute alcohol 6 parts, chloroform 3 parts, glacial acetic acid 1 part, 
2 Published asa Supplement to “ Echange’’. (Lyon, 892-1897). 
