8 Records of the Indian Museum. [Vou. XI, 
inner surface of the shell in the form of a uniform crust, much as 
in a specimen figured by Topsent (1887, pl. i, fig. 3). 
Cliona celata probably occursin allseas. It was originally des- 
cribed from the British coasts and has since been found at several 
places on the Atlantic side of North America, in the Red Sea and 
the adjacent parts of the Indian Ocean, off the south and south- 
west coasts of Australia, off New Guinea, Ceylon, Singapore, etc. 
I have examined specimens from several of these localities. 
Cliona vastifica, Hancock. 
1900. ‘Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. (3) VIII, p. 56, pl. ii, 
figs. 3-9. 
1909. Hentschel, “‘ Tetraxonida’’ in Michaelsen and Hart- 
meyer’s Faun. Stidwest Australiens, p. 387. 
This is another cosmopolitan species described at length by 
Topsent in his ‘‘ Etude Monographique des Spongiaires de France” 
(op. cit. supra) as well as in his previous papers on the family (1887 
and 1891) in the same journal. Cliona velans, Hentschel (of. cit., 
p. 388, fig. 19) from S. W. Australia is evidently very closely 
related to C. vastifica, but is apparently distinguished by its 
method of growth and by having the heads of the tylostyles imper- 
fectly differentiated. 
In the littoral zone of Indian seas C. vastifica appears to be 
by far the commonest species and, as already stated, makes its way 
well into brackish water. I have found it in that medium in the 
Chilka Lake in Orissa and the Ganjam district of the Madras Presi- 
dency (in shells of Ostvea and Purpura), in the Adyar River at 
Madras and in the Ennur Backwater in the same district, in both 
places in shells of Ostvea. In the Persian Gulf it is common in, 
and apparently destructive to, pearl-shells (Avicula and Margani- 
tifera); I have seen it in a Placuna-shell from Palk Straits (54 
fathoms), in shells of Oliva and Malleus from the Andamans, of 
Voluta and Ostrea from New South Wales. In Indian seas it 
occurs most frequently in the shells of gregarious sedentary bi- 
valves, to which it probably causes great damage, but only in 
very shallow water. In European seas it is common; it has been 
recorded by Topsent and others from many widely separated 
regions. 
Cliona carpenteri, Hancock. 
1887. Chona carpenteri, Topsent, Arch. Zool. expérim. V? 
(suppl.), p. 77, pl. vii, fig. 4. 
1887 (1889). Cliona bacillifera, Carter, Faun. Mergui Arch. 1: 
Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) XXI, p. 76. 
This species, as Topsent has pointed out, is easily distin- 
guished from its allies, and in particular from C. vastifica, by its 
straight, spindle-shaped microscleres. Carter’s Cliona bacillifera 
from Mergui, of which the type (or a schizotype) is in the Indian 
