38 Records of the Indian Museum. [Voy. V, 
As, however, a considerable proportion of the Phylactolemata 
of India are identical with or very closely related to northern forms, 
many of which are practically cosmopolitan, the bulk of the literature 
regarding them is to be sought in memoirs that refer directly to the 
fauna of Europe or North America. Fortunately it is possible 
to regard two separate memoirs as having been unusually complete 
at the several dates on which they were published. I refer to All- 
man’s Monograph of the Fresh Water Polyzoa (1856) and Kraepelin’s 
Siisswasser-Bryozoen (1887-1892). It is possible to differ from the 
conclusions at which either or both of these authors arrived; but 
the wealth of detail and accuracy of delineation displayed in their 
works are beyond criticism. Another important memoir is Jullien’s 
‘“ Monographie des Bryozoaires d’eau douce’’ (Bull. Soc. zool. 
France, vol. x, 1885), which, in spite of the lack of critical instinct 
and the somewhat splenetic attitude to former writers displayed 
by its author, contains much valuable information. Braem’s 
‘“ Untersuchungen uber die Bryozoen des stissen Wassers ”’ 
(Bibliotheca Zoologica, vol. 11, 1890) deals mainly with anatomy and 
development but gives good descriptions of the European Phylacto- 
lemata, while Loppens has recently published a concise summary 
of our present knowledge of the group (Ann. Biol. Lacustre, vol. 111, 
p. 141, 1908). 
There are few groups in the animal kingdom on which the 
views of different authorities as to taxonomy are at greater variance 
than the Phylactoleemata, and this is the case even as regards the 
main divisions of the group. The following classification is adopted 
because it seems to be most convenient :—- 
Order PHYLACTOLAMATA. 
Family I.—PLUMATELLID. 
Ectocyst well developed; base of zoarium never modified 
to form an organ of progression. 
Subfamily A. Zoocecia tubular ; 
lophophore circular or oval when 
expanded; statoblasts without 
air-cells ig ..  Fredericelline. 
Subfamily B. Zocecia tubular or 
concealed in a gelatinous synce- 
cium; lophophore — horse-shoe- 
shaped when expanded; some 
or all of the statoblasts surround- 
ed by a ring of air-cells .. Plumatelline. 
Family IJ].—CRISTATELLIDA. 
Ectocyst absent ; polypides embedded in a common syncecium, 
the base of which is modified to form a creeping ‘“‘sole’’ ; 
lophophore horse-shoe-shaped, statoblasts surrounded by a 
ring of air-cells. 
