120 APPENDIX, 
and changing to blue on standing for some time, In concentrated 
acetic acid, readily soluble, forming a colourless solution, Soluble in 
dilute ammonia, forming a solution which frothed, and from which 
acetic acid gave a white precipitate on neutralisation, Caustic 
soda, similar reactions to ammonia, Tannic acid, a white precipitate, 
Ferric chloride, a turbidity in the cold, which disappeared on heating, 
the solution being of a brown colour. On boiling with dilute HCl, 
to °47 per cent. ; it was free from lead. 
To determine the ultimate composition of this saponin, it was 
dried over sulphuric acid in a vacuum, and the combustion made in 
an open tube in acurrent of oxygen, and the results afforded the 
following percentages :— 
Exp. 1. Exp. 2. Mean. 
Carbon ... ees 60°92 61:18 61°05 
Hydrogen eae OOS 8°74 8°84 
Oxygen... es BOUTIS 30°08 30°11 
100°00 100°90 100-00 
From these percentages a formula C**H®°*O"* was deduced— 
Calculated f 
Caitigi Fouad 
Carbon... on 60°95 ~ 61°05 
Hydrogen ... see 8:57 8°84 
Oxygen ... vas 30°48 30°11 
10000 100-00 
In another experiment a somewhat different mode of extracting 
the saponin was adopted. An alcoholic extract was obtained from 
another sample of Bikhma,no acid being used in the extraction. 
alcoholic extract was mixed with water and directly extracted 
with amylic alcohol, without previous treatment with petroleum 
ether, ether, and chloroform. The amylic alcohol containing the 
crude saponin was separated, filtered, and then repeatedly agitated 
with aqueous basic lead acetate. During agitation the yellow viscid 
